Genozidioaren inguruko gogoetak. Gerra Zibilaren eta Diktadura frankistaren garaian

Gerra Zibila eta Frankismoa garai ilunak izan dira Espainiako historian. Lan honetan zehar, garai horiei buruzko sortutako korronte historiografiakoak aztertuko dira, bertan memoria, iraganaren ezagutza eta salaketa helburu nagusia delarik. Aztertutako korronte eta egile ezberdinen argudioak, aditzera emango dute, Espainian 1939-1975.urte bitartean, genozidioaren ezaugarriak bete zirela azpimarratzen dute, hau, Frankismoko eta Gerra Zibilean erabilitako metodoen bitartez egin eta bermatu zirelarik. Lan honetan zehar, historiagile moduan, argudio eta korronte historiografiko horiek aztertu eta interpretatuko dira. Azken hamarkadetan zehar, ikerketa ugari sortu izan dira, batzuk mundu akademikora bideraturik egongo direlarik, beste batzuk berriz, mundu sozialera bideratuak izan dira, bertan foruak, hitzaldiak, omenaldiak eta ikus-entzunezkoa materiala nagusitu egin direlarik. Guzti honek aditzera emango du gaur egongo gizartearen eta mundua akademikoaren premioa eta jakin nahia garai horiekiko. Lanaren hasieran, Espainian Gerra Zibil eta Frankismoan zehar sortutako historiografia korronteak aztertuko dira, gaiaren nondik norakoak ulertzeko eta egoeran kokatzeko. Gero, genozidio kontzeptu beraren lanketa adieraziko da, modu honetan gaizki ulertuak ekiditeko eta irakurlea kontzeptuaren garrantziaz jabetzeko. Amaierako zatian, genozidio eta historiografiarenarteko lotura emango da, egile ezberdinen interpretazio ezberdinak plazaratuz, hauekin batera, ondorio eta gogoeta propioak azalduko direlarik. Lanean zehar, gaur egun dagoen eztabaida landu eta azaltzea izango da, hau da, eztabaida horren nondik norakoak analizatuz. Adierazi daiteke, Espainiako Gerra Zibila eta Frankismoa gaur egungo gizartean min handia sortzen duen gaia dela. Historiagile moduan, interpretazioa burutzeko beharra ikuste dut, aldi berean, gizarteak eskatzen duen zehaztasun zientifikoaren beharrari bidea irekiz

Multi-time scale analysis of sugarcane within-field variability: Improved crop diagnosis from satellite time series ?

International audienceWithin-field spatial variability is related to multiple factors that can be time independent or time-dependent. In this study, our working hypothesis is that a multi-time scale analysis of the dynamics of spatial patterns can help establish a diagnosis of crop condition. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the within-field variability of a sugarcane crop at seasonal and annual time scales, and tried to link this variability to environmental (climate, topography, and soil depth) and cropping (harvest date) factors. The analysis was based on a sugarcane field vegetation index (NDVI) time series of fifteen SPOT images acquired in the French West Indies (Guadeloupe) in 2002 and 2003, and on an original classification method that enabled us to focus on crop spatial variability independently of crop growth stages. We showed that at the seasonal scale, the within-field growth pattern depended on the phenological stage of the crop and on cropping operations. At the annual scale, NDVI maps revealed a stable pattern for the two consecutive years at peak vegetation, despite very different rainfall amounts, but with inverse NDVI values. This inversion is linked with the topography and consequently to the plant water status. We conclude that (1) it is necessary to know the crop growing cycle to correctly interpret the spatial pattern, (2) single-date images may be insufficient for the diagnosis of crop condition or for prediction, and (3) the pattern of vigour occurrence within fields can help diagnose growth anomalies

Improving harvest and planting monitoring for smallholders with geospatial technology: the Reunion Island experience

8 pagesInternational audienceWith the recent development of geospatial technologies, remote sensing data are more and more integrated in the information systems of crop industries. The satellite's ability to collect "snapshots" over large cropped areas at once makes it a unique tool to able it to acquire localized and objective data in real-time.In this paper, we present how this technology can provide reliable information for sugarcane planting and harvest monitoring by updating information on field/blocks boundaries and cane status using time series of satellite images. Through the experience conducted on Reunion Island (Indian Ocean) where the sugar industry has difficulty collecting updated localized information on smallholders fields, we show how SPOT satellite images can be interpreted and processed in order to produce thematic maps and statistics. These maps can then be integrated in a Geographic Information System (GIS) designed for decision makers. This on-the-shelf GIS permits one to visualize maps and edit monthly statistics of the management practices in each production area

Zonage du Bresil a partir d'une serie temporelle d'images modis.

Zoneamento do Brasil a partir de uma série temporal de imagens MODIS . A cartografia das paisagens envolvem geralmente a combinação de informações ambientais e informações sobre as atividades humanas. A qualidade da carta de paisagem resultante depende fortemente da expertise e do método utilizado, assim como da qualidade dos dados que foram usados na sua elaboração. As séries temporais das imagens de satélite aportam uma visão objetiva do território a diferentes datas. Estas imagens podem ser segmentadas para estratificar o espaço em zonas radiometricamente homogêneas. O objetivo deste trabalho é testar este método de estratificação a diferentes escalas espaciais, no Brasil e na região do estado do Maranhão e avaliar as estratificações de forma não supervisionada. Para tanto, uma segmentação orientada à objeto foi realizada utilizando-se o software eCognition a partir de valores dos índices de vegetação EVI (Enhaced Vegetation Index) e de índices de textura advindos de uma série temporal de imagens MODIS com resolução espacial de 250m. Diferentes variáveis radiométricas e diferentes escalas de segmentação foram testadas e avaliadas através de dois indicadores estatísticos. A segmentação obtida foi, então, comparada visualmente aos zoneamentos existentes (GAEZ da FAO e zoneamento agroecológico da Embrapa)

Assessing optical earth observation systems for mapping and monitoring temporary ponds in arid areas

Remote sensing methods for locating and monitoring temporary ponds over large areas in arid lands were tested on a study site in Northern Senegal. Three main results are presented, validated with field data and intended to highlight different spectral, spatial and temporal characteristics of the methods: (1) Among several water indices tested, two Middle Infrared-based indices (MNDWIModified Normalized Difference Water Index and NDWI1Normalized Difference Water Index) are found to be most efficient; (2) an objective method is given prescribing the necessary sensor spatial resolution in terms of minimal detected pond area; and (3) the potential of multi-temporal MODIS imagery for tracking the filling phases of small ponds is illustrated. These results should assist in epidemiological studies of vector-borne diseases that develop around these ponds, but also more generally for land and water management and preservation of threatened ecosystems in arid areas