True Neutrality as a New Type of Flavour

A classification of leptonic currents with respect to C-operation requires the separation of elementary particles into the two classes of vector C-even and axial-vector C-odd character. Their nature has been created so that to each type of lepton corresponds a kind of neutrino. Such pairs are united in families of a different C-parity. Unlike the neutrino of a vector type, any C-noninvariant Dirac neutrino must have his Majorana neutrino. They constitute the purely neutrino families. We discuss the nature of a corresponding mechanism responsible for the availability in all types of axial-vector particles of a kind of flavour which distinguishes each of them from others by a true charge characterized by a quantum number conserved at the interactions between the C-odd fermion and the field of emission of the corresponding types of gauge bosons. This regularity expresses the unidenticality of truly neutral neutrino and antineutrino, confirming that an internal symmetry of a C-noninvariant particle is described by an axial-vector space. Thereby, a true flavour together with the earlier known lepton flavour predicts the existence of leptonic strings and their birth in single and double beta decays as a unity of flavour and gauge symmetry laws. Such a unified principle explains the availability of a flavour symmetrical mode of neutrino oscillations.Comment: 19 pages, LaTex, Published version in IJT

The fauna of Vespidae (Hymenoptera) in Uzbekistan

This article presents the results of scientific research conducted in 2020 – 2024 on the Vespidae family in various biotopes of all natural and anthropogenic territories of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as the results of a study of existing scientific literature sources. Based on the analysis of the almost 150-year history of research on the Vespidae family in Uzbekistan, we found about 40 literature data by 22 researchers . It was mentioned in the literature that the Vespidae fam i ly recorded in Uzbekistan consist ed of 6 subfam i l ies , 38 genera and 121 species. I n the research conducted from 2020 to 2024 in natural and anthropogenic parts of Uzbekstan more than 2 , 130 samples were collected . During the observation s we found 3 subfam i l ies , 20 genera, 35 species and subspecies which belong to the Vespidae famly. If we investigate the subfamilies of the Vespidae fam i ly , the large st subfam i ly in Uzbekistan is Eum e nina e contain ing 106 sp e cies (86.88%). The Masarinae subfamily contains 7 species (5.74%). Vespinae contains 5 species and Palistinae contains 3 species (2.45 % ) . During the research, the species Jucancistroc e rus atrofasciatus (Moravitz, 1885) was recorded for the first time in the fauna of Uzbekistan , bringing the species total to 122 . Of the total 122 identified species, 37 species were recorded by only one author. The remaining 85 species were cited in the works of two or more authors