Moskau und Chicago als Metropolen der Moderne: Sozialer Konflikt und gesellschaftliche Integration 1870-1914

Das WZB-Discussion Paper verwendet Georg Simmels Aufsatz „Die Großstädte und das Geistesleben“ von 1903 als Ausgangspunkt für eine vergleichende Diskussion der sozialen Frage in Moskau und Chicago in der klassischen Moderne. Der vergleichende Blick auf Russland und die USA verdeutlicht, dass die spezifische Perspektive Georg Simmels auf das Großstadtleben jenseits der europäischen Metropolen eher einer Zielvorstellung denn der Beschreibung sozialer Realitäten entsprach. Der durchschnittliche Bewohner von Moskau oder Chicago konnte sich die von Simmel gepriesene „Blasiertheit“ kaum zu eigen machen. „Hass und Kampf“ bestimmten häufig seinen Alltag. In einer segregierten Stadt musste er versuchen, Fuß zu fassen und sich zu behaupten. Das unabhängige Individuum im Sinne Georg Simmels war in diesen Metropolen nur in den Eliten anzutreffen. Eine Gesellschaft autonomer Stadtbürger war bestenfalls im Entstehen begriffen und die zahlreichen gewalttätigen Auseinandersetzungen und letztlich die russische Revolution zeigen, welch fragile Werte Frieden und Zivilität in der modernen Metropole waren. Das Papier gibt einen Überblick über die urbanen Lebenswelten der russischen und der amerikanischen Stadt und über die unterschiedlichen Versuche sozialer Reform.This WZB Discussion Paper takes Georg Simmel’s classic 1903 essay, “The Metropolis and Mental Life,” as the starting point for a comparative analysis of social issues and city reform in Moscow and Chicago in the period of classic modernity. Scrutinizing each of these cities, it becomes clear that many of Simmel’s observations about the European metropolis did not hold true in these countries. The average Muscovite or Chicagoan was hardly in a position to adopt the “blasé attitude” attributed to the average European, characterized by a kind of cool, remote, and intellectualized approach to things. To the contrary, Muscovites and Chicagoans during this period were struggling for survival in urban environments where authority was often absent or corrupt, and where physical violence shaped everyday life. The “urbane” city dweller, as described by Simmel, could only be found among elites. In densely populated, largely segregated cities with anonymous and estranged citizenries, peace and civility remained fragile, to which the upheavals of the Russian revolution and the Chicago riots dramatically testify. This paper provides an overview of everyday life in Moscow and Chicago, and considers different approaches to social reform in the United States and Russia

Investigation of hopping transport in n a Si H c Si solar cells with pulsed electrically detected magnetic resonance

Hopping transport through heterostructure solar cells based on B doped crystalline silicon wafers with highly P doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon emitters with different thicknesses is investigated at T 10 K with pulsed electrically detected magnetic resonance. The measurements show that transport is dominated by conduction band tail states g amp; 8776; 2.0046 with a distribution of their mutual coupling strength. The signal intensity correlates to the sample thickness and the g factors do not exhibit an anisotropy which suggests that transport is still dominated by bulk properties of amorphous silicon. In addition, two broad Pdonor hyperfine satellites can be detected. Influences of interface defects such as Pb like states known from silicon dioxide interfaces are either suppressed by the high Fermi energy at the interface or not presen

Elucidating the structural composition of a Fe-N-C catalyst by nuclear and electron resonance techniques

Fe–N–C catalysts are very promising materials for fuel cells and metal–air batteries. This work gives fundamental insights into the structural composition of an Fe–N–C catalyst and highlights the importance of an in‐depth characterization. By nuclear‐ and electron‐resonance techniques, we are able to show that even after mild pyrolysis and acid leaching, the catalyst contains considerable fractions of α‐iron and, surprisingly, iron oxide. Our work makes it questionable to what extent FeN4 sites can be present in Fe–N–C catalysts prepared by pyrolysis at 900 °C and above. The simulation of the iron partial density of phonon states enables the identification of three FeN4 species in our catalyst, one of them comprising a sixfold coordination with end‐on bonded oxygen as one of the axial ligands

Lock-in detection for pulsed electrically detected magnetic resonance

We show that in pulsed electrically detected magnetic resonance (pEDMR) signal modulation in combination with a lock-in detection scheme can reduce the low-frequency noise level by one order of magnitude and in addition removes the microwave-induced non-resonant background. This is exemplarily demonstrated for spin-echo measurements in phosphorus-doped Silicon. The modulation of the signal is achieved by cycling the phase of the projection pulse used in pEDMR for the read-out of the spin state.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure

New Approach for Measuring ∣Vub∣|V_{ub}| at Future BB-Factories

It is suggested that the measurements of hadronic invariant mass ($m_X$) distributons in the inclusive $B \rightarrow X_{c(u)} l \nu$ decays can be useful in extracting the CKM matrix element $|V_{ub}|$. We investigated hadronic invariant mass distributions within the various theoretical models of HQET, FAC and chiral lagrangian as well as ACCMM model. It is also emphasized that the $m_X$ distribution even at the region $m_{X} > m_{D}$ in the inclusive $b\rightarrow u$ are effetive in selecting the events, experimentally viable at the future asymmetric $B$ factories, with better theoretical understandings.Comment: 11 pages not including 1 figur

One-pion transitions between heavy baryons in the constituent quark model

Single pion transitions of S wave to S wave, P wave to S wave and P wave to P wave heavy baryons are analyzed in the framework of the Heavy Quark Symmetry limit (HQS). We use a constituent quark model picture for the light diquark system with an underlying SU(2N_{f}) X O(3) symmetry to reduce the number of the HQS coupling factors required to describe these transitions. We also use the quantum theory of angular momentum to rewrite the one-pion transitions constituent quark model results in a more general form using the 6j- and 9j-symbols. We finally estimate the decay rates of some single pion transitions between charm baryon states.Comment: Latex, 33 pages including 2 figures (Postscript). Some typos are corrected with minor changes. Two references were added to the final version which will appear in Phy. Rev.

Dictatorship: Modern Tyranny Between Leviathan and Behemoth (Version 2.0) (english version)

Version 2.0: In the Roman Republic, a dictatorship (dictatura in Latin) referred to an institution of constitutional law. In times of emergency the senate would temporarily grant a dictator extraordinary powers to defend and restore state order. This classic meaning was reshaped in various ways during the twentieth century. Dictatorship became an ambiguous term whose range of meanings could encompass positive expectations as well as moral condemnation. The modern concept of dictatorship has been used as both a self-descriptor as well as a label employed by others to describe communist, fascist and Nazi rule

Rare processes and coherent phenomena in crystals

We study coherent enhancement of Coulomb excitation of high energy particles in crystals. We develop multiple scattering theory description of coherent excitation which consistently incorporates both the specific resonant properties of particle-crystal interactions and the final/initial state interaction effects typical of the diffractive scattering. Possible applications to observation of induced radiative neutrino transitions are discussed.Comment: 8 pages, LaTe

The BioGRID Interaction Database: 2011 update

The Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets (BioGRID) is a public database that archives and disseminates genetic and protein interaction data from model organisms and humans (http://www.thebiogrid.org). BioGRID currently holds 347 966 interactions (170 162 genetic, 177 804 protein) curated from both high-throughput data sets and individual focused studies, as derived from over 23 000 publications in the primary literature. Complete coverage of the entire literature is maintained for budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) and thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), and efforts to expand curation across multiple metazoan species are underway. The BioGRID houses 48 831 human protein interactions that have been curated from 10 247 publications. Current curation drives are focused on particular areas of biology to enable insights into conserved networks and pathways that are relevant to human health. The BioGRID 3.0 web interface contains new search and display features that enable rapid queries across multiple data types and sources. An automated Interaction Management System (IMS) is used to prioritize, coordinate and track curation across international sites and projects. BioGRID provides interaction data to several model organism databases, resources such as Entrez-Gene and other interaction meta-databases. The entire BioGRID 3.0 data collection may be downloaded in multiple file formats, including PSI MI XML. Source code for BioGRID 3.0 is freely available without any restrictions