The training of chilean teachers in media education

Para obtener más antecedentes de la primera parte del proyecto véase el artículo de Mar de Fontcuberta y Claudio Guerrero, Una nueva propuesta para la Educación en Medios, Cuadernos de Información Nº20/2007-I. Facultad de Comunicaciones, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.Este artículo aborda la segunda parte de un estudio realizado por el equipo de Comunicación y Educación de la Facultad de Comunicaciones de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Se investigaron los conocimientos, actitudes, formación y práctica respecto a la Educación en Medios de los docentes chilenos de Lengua Castellana y Comunicación. Los resultados de este análisis alertan sobre la necesidad de una formación docente en este tema y hace una propuesta concreta de criterios que orienten la formación continua de profesores.This article deals with the second part of a investigation conducted by the team of communication and education at the School of Communications at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. They investigated the knowledge, attitudes and practical training respect of Media Education of Chilean teachers on the subject Lengua Castellana y Comunicación. The results of this research alert on the need for teacher training in this subject and makes concrete proposals of criteria to guide the continuous training of teachers

Conserved microRNA targeting reveals preexisting gene dosage sensitivities that shaped amniote sex chromosome evolution

Mammalian X and Y Chromosomes evolved from an ordinary autosomal pair. Genetic decay of the Y led to X Chromosome inactivation (XCI) in females, but some Y-linked genes were retained during the course of sex chromosome evolution, and many X-linked genes did not become subject to XCI. We reconstructed gene-by-gene dosage sensitivities on the ancestral autosomes through phylogenetic analysis of microRNA (miRNA) target sites and compared these preexisting characteristics to the current status of Y-linked and X-linked genes in mammals. Preexisting heterogeneities in dosage sensitivity, manifesting as differences in the extent of miRNA-mediated repression, predicted either the retention of a Y homolog or the acquisition of XCI following Y gene decay. Analogous heterogeneities among avian Z-linked genes predicted either the retention of a W homolog or gene-specific dosage compensation following W gene decay. Genome-wide analyses of human copy number variation indicate that these heterogeneities consisted of sensitivity to both increases and decreases in dosage. We propose a model of XY/ZW evolution incorporating such preexisting dosage sensitivities in determining the evolutionary fates of individual genes. Our findings thus provide a more complete view of the role of dosage sensitivity in shaping the mammalian and avian sex chromosomes and reveal an important role for post-transcriptional regulatory sequences (miRNA target sites) in sex chromosome evolution

Sequence of the chicken sex chromosomes

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references.In birds, as in mammals, the chromosome complement determines sex. Male birds are designated ZZ, female ZW. Mammals have the opposite system; males are XY and females XX. Both the avian ZW and mammalian XY pair are believed to have evolved from autosomes, with dramatic changes, both gene loss as well as gene acquisition and amplification occurring on the sex-specific W and Y chromosomes. In contrast, Z and X chromosomes are assumed to have diverged little from their autosomal progenitors. The Z and W sex chromosomes of the chicken provide a unique opportunity to study the evolution of sex chromosomes in a second lineage with an alternate system of heterogamety. We produced the finished sequence of the chicken Z chromosome and generated female-specific markers necessary to produce a complete sequence of the chicken W chromosome. Already our analysis of the Z chromosome has revealed that the sex chromosomes of birds evolved independently of the sex chromosomes of mammals. Despite this independence, the chicken Z chromosome converged on a suite of features analogous to those of the human X chromosome: low gene density, an enrichment for interspersed repeats, and large multi-copy gene families expressed in the testis. These features arose during the evolution of the Z and X chromosomes as sex chromosomes, overturning the notion that Z and X chromosomes are evolutionarily stable. Our preliminary efforts on the W chromosome have provided insights into its structure and underscore the ubiquity of gene acquisition and amplification on vertebrate sex chromosomes. As we accumulate genomic data from additional sex chromosomes, explaining the evolutionary forces that result in gene acquisition and amplification will remain a major challenge.by Daniel Winston Bellott.Ph.D

Avian W and mammalian Y chromosomes convergently retained dosage-sensitive regulators

After birds diverged from mammals, different ancestral autosomes evolved into sex chromosomes in each lineage. In birds, females are ZW and males are ZZ, but in mammals females are XX and males are XY. We sequenced the chicken W chromosome, compared its gene content with our reconstruction of the ancestral autosomes, and followed the evolutionary trajectory of ancestral W-linked genes across birds. Avian W chromosomes evolved in parallel with mammalian Y chromosomes, preserving ancestral genes through selection to maintain the dosage of broadly expressed regulators of key cellular processes. We propose that, like the human Y chromosome, the chicken W chromosome is essential for embryonic viability of the heterogametic sex. Unlike other sequenced sex chromosomes, the chicken W chromosome did not acquire and amplify genes specifically expressed in reproductive tissues. We speculate that the pressures that drive the acquisition of reproduction-related genes on sex chromosomes may be specific to the male germ line

Biomimicry based-model for urban water networks design

El diseño biomimético busca innovar emulando la naturaleza mediante enfoques reduccionistas y holísticos. La biomímesis holística tiene como objetivo encontrar alternativas sustentables a problemas vigentes, reparando el daño antropogénico al ecosistema e imitando la naturaleza. En ingeniería de procesos, la implementación de eco-parques industriales (EPI) es una estrategia utilizada para producir sustentablemente. Sin embargo, su enfoque suele limitarse a reducir los efectos negativos al medio ambiente, sin repararlo. En este contexto, el diseño biomimético ofrece una oportunidad para desarrollar sistemas de integración urbana (SIU) sustentables y regenerativos. Este trabajo propone un modelo para diseñar redes biomiméticas de integración hídrica basado en el ciclo del agua en la Región Metropolitana como caso de estudio. Se analizaron y evaluaron 45 proyectos mediante la herramienta cuantitativa “Biomimetic Score”, que define los criterios para considerar una solución holísticamente biomimética. A partir de esta herramienta, se crea un modelo biomimético que diseña redes de integración de agua y se formula un problema de optimización multiobjetivo (MINLP), optimizado mediante la metodología de programación por metas en GAMS versión 25.1.1. Los resultados destacan la presencia de flujos de reposición y biomiméticos que reparan e imitan el ciclo del agua. En la solución óptima, del total de agua extraída, un 68\% se descarga como flujo de reposición y un 32\% como flujo biomimético. Además, se evaluó un caso base sin biomímesis para analizar su impacto en el modelo, observándose una reducción del 99\% en los flujos biomiméticos, lo que demuestra su relevancia para la imitación del sistema natural. En términos de costos, la solución óptima biomimética es un 6.3\% más cara que el caso base. Se concluye que, aunque el modelo representa una primera aproximación al diseño de procesos con enfoque biomimético, se requieren más esfuerzos para alcanzar una solución integral. La herramienta Biomimetic Score cumple con ayudar a traducir características cualitativas en un modelo matemático, sin embargo la creación de este, depende aún fuertemente de los equipos de ingeniería. Además, es necesario incluir más condiciones operativas para mejorar la aplicabilidad de las soluciones.Biomimetic design seeks to innovate by emulating nature through reductionist and holistic approaches. The latter aims to find sustainable alternatives to current problems, repairing anthropogenic damage to the ecosystem while mimicking nature. In process engineering, implementing eco-industrial parks (EIP) is a strategy for sustainable production. However, this approach is often limited to reducing negative environmental impacts rather than restoring them. In this context, biomimetic design offers an opportunity to develop sustainable and regenerative urban integration systems (UIS). This study proposes a model for designing biomimetic water integration networks based on the water cycle in the Metropolitan Region as a case study. A total of 45 projects were analyzed and evaluated using the quantitative tool “Biomimetic Score,” which defines the criteria for considering a solution holistically biomimetic. Based on this tool, a biomimetic model is created to design water integration networks, and a multi-objective optimization problem (MINLP) is formulated and optimized using goal programming methodology in GAMS version 25.1.1. The results highlight the presence of replenishment and biomimetic flows that mimic the water cycle. In the optimal solution, 68% of the extracted water is discharged as a replenishment flow, while 32% follows a biomimetic flow. Additionally, a baseline network design without biomimicry was evaluated to analyze its impact on the model, revealing a 99% reduction in biomimetic flows. This finding demonstrates the critical role of biomimicry in ensuring the natural system’s imitation. In terms of costs, the optimal biomimetic solution is 6.3% more expensive than the baseline case. It is concluded that while the model represents a first approach to biomimetic process design, further efforts are needed to achieve a comprehensive solution. The Biomimetic Score tool effectively helps to translate qualitative characteristics into a mathematical model. However, its implementation still heavily depends on engineering teams. Additionally, incorporating more operational conditions is necessary to enhance the applicability of the solutions.Versión original del auto

A dança ritual da Pinkillada como ato de encarnação do mito

This research explores ethnographically on the relationship between Religiosity, Dance and Body, emphasizing the symbolic composition and therelationship that this keeps the body and inter cultural network of community Tumuyo. The forms of materialization of the relationship between myth, rite and symbol are widely diverse and in the case of the Andean Carnival festival in the community of Tumuyo, this materialization is present in the multiple rites that make up the festival, highlighting the dance by the symbolic construction in its bodily and cultural components.La presente investigación indaga etnográficamente en la relación que existe entre religiosidad, danza y cuerpo, enfatizando en la composición simbólica y la relación que todo esto guarda con la red intercorporal y cultural de la comunidad de Tumuyo. Las formas de materialización de la relación entre mito, rito y símbolo son ampliamente diversas y en el caso de la fiesta andina de Carnaval en la comunidad de Tumuyo, dicha materialización se hace presente en los múltiples ritos que componen la fiesta, destacándose la danza por la construcción simbólica en sus componentes corporales y culturales.Esta pesquisa investiga etnograficamente a relação que existe entre Religiosidade, Dança e Corpo, enfatizando a composição simbólica e a relação que tudo isso tem com a rede inter-corporal e cultural da comunidade Tumuyo. As formas de materialização da relação entre mito, rito e símbolo são muito diversas e no caso da festa do Carnaval Andino na comunidade de Tumuyo, essa materialização está presente nos múltiplos ritos que compõem a festa, com destaque para a dança pela construção simbólica em seus componentes corporais e culturais