Siddur

Sichviyer Chedamh, editado por David R. Pardo en 1844Copia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Cultura. Subdirección General de Coordinación Bibliotecaria, 201

“Atividades Investigativas Autênticas” para o Ensino de Razão e Proporção na Formação de Professores de Matemática para os Níveis Elementar e Médio

We present some elements related to the creation, implementation, and evaluation of the impact of “authentic investigative activities” that focus on the content as well as pedagogical knowledge and attitudes in pre-service education of elementary and high school mathematics teachers. A special learning model was developed, implemented, and tested as part of activities developed in institutions that provide pre-service teacher education in Israel. The model was developed following pilot studies investigating the change in mathematical and pedagogical knowledge of pre- and inservice mathematics teachers due to the application of “authentic investigative activities”. The conclusion of the study is that application of the model, incorporating theory and practice, leads to a dramatic positive change in the pre-service teachers’ content and pedagogical knowledge. In addition, an improvement occurred in their attitudes and beliefs towards learning and teaching mathematics in general, and ratio and proportion in particular. Keywords: Authentic Investigative Activities. Ratio and Proportion. Proportional Reasoning. Mathematics Teacher Education. Preservice Teacher Education.Neste artigo são apresentados elementos relacionados à criação, implementação e avaliação do impacto das chamadas “atividades investigativas autênticas” que focam tanto o conteúdo quanto o conhecimento pedagógico e as atitudes na formação inicial de professores de Matemática para os níveis de ensino elementar e médio. Um modelo especial de aprendizagem foi desenvolvido, implementado e testado como parte de atividades desenvolvidas em instituições israelenses voltadas à formação de professores. O modelo foi desenvolvido segundo estudos-piloto, investigando as alterações nos conhecimentos matemático e pedagógico de professores de Matemática – em formação e em atuação – ocorridas com a aplicação das “atividades investigativas autênticas”. As conclusões do estudo apontam que a aplicação do modelo – por meio do qual os professores ganham experiência e são expostos a atividades de raciocínio proporcional “autêntico”, incorporando teoria (pela leitura e análise de relevantes textos de pesquisa) e prática – produz uma alteração significativa quanto à abordagem ao conteúdo matemático e quanto ao conhecimento pedagógico. Além disso, alterações significativamente positivas ocorreram nas atitudes e crenças desses professores em relação ao ensino e à aprendizagem de Matemática, em geral e, em particular, em relação aos conceitos de razão e proporção. Palavras-chave: Atividades Investigativas Autênticas, Razão e Proporção, Raciocínio Proporcional, Formação de Professores de Matemática

Selective predisposition to bacterial infections in IRAK-4–deficient children: IRAK-4–dependent TLRs are otherwise redundant in protective immunity

Human interleukin (IL) 1 receptor–associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4) deficiency is a recently discovered primary immunodeficiency that impairs Toll/IL-1R immunity, except for the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3– and TLR4–interferon (IFN)-a/b pathways. The clinical and immunological phenotype remains largely unknown. We diagnosed up to 28 patients with IRAK-4 deficiency, tested blood TLR responses for individual leukocyte subsets, and TLR responses for multiple cytokines. The patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) did not induce the 11 non-IFN cytokines tested upon activation with TLR agonists other than the nonspecific TLR3 agonist poly(I:C). The patients' individual cell subsets from both myeloid (granulocytes, monocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells [MDDCs], myeloid DCs [MDCs], and plasmacytoid DCs) and lymphoid (B, T, and NK cells) lineages did not respond to the TLR agonists that stimulated control cells, with the exception of residual responses to poly(I:C) and lipopolysaccharide in MDCs and MDDCs. Most patients (22 out of 28; 79%) suffered from invasive pneumococcal disease, which was often recurrent (13 out of 22; 59%). Other infections were rare, with the exception of severe staphylococcal disease (9 out of 28; 32%). Almost half of the patients died (12 out of 28; 43%). No death and no invasive infection occurred in patients older than 8 and 14 yr, respectively. The IRAK-4–dependent TLRs and IL-1Rs are therefore vital for childhood immunity to pyogenic bacteria, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae. Conversely, IRAK-4–dependent human TLRs appear to play a redundant role in protective immunity to most infections, at most limited to childhood immunity to some pyogenic bacteria

Safety of procuring research tissue during a clinically indicated kidney biopsy from patients with lupus: data from the Accelerating Medicines Partnership RA/SLE Network

Objectives In lupus nephritis the pathological diagnosis from tissue retrieved during kidney biopsy drives treatment and management. Despite recent approval of new drugs, complete remission rates remain well under aspirational levels, necessitating identification of new therapeutic targets by greater dissection of the pathways to tissue inflammation and injury. This study assessed the safety of kidney biopsies in patients with SLE enrolled in the Accelerating Medicines Partnership, a consortium formed to molecularly deconstruct nephritis.Methods 475 patients with SLE across 15 clinical sites in the USA consented to obtain tissue for research purposes during a clinically indicated kidney biopsy. Adverse events (AEs) were documented for 30 days following the procedure and were determined to be related or unrelated by all site investigators. Serious AEs were defined according to the National Institutes of Health reporting guidelines.Results 34 patients (7.2%) experienced a procedure-related AE: 30 with haematoma, 2 with jets, 1 with pain and 1 with an arteriovenous fistula. Eighteen (3.8%) experienced a serious AE requiring hospitalisation; four patients (0.8%) required a blood transfusion related to the kidney biopsy. At one site where the number of cores retrieved during the biopsy was recorded, the mean was 3.4 for those who experienced a related AE (n=9) and 3.07 for those who did not experience any AE (n=140). All related AEs resolved.Conclusions Procurement of research tissue should be considered feasible, accompanied by a complication risk likely no greater than that incurred for standard clinical purposes. In the quest for targeted treatments personalised based on molecular findings, enhanced diagnostics beyond histology will likely be required

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mutations in STAT3 and IL12RB1 impair the development of human IL-17 producing T cells

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Dictator Games: A Meta Study

Over the last 25 years, more than a hundred dictator game experiments have been published. This meta study summarizes the evidence. Exploiting the fact that most experiments had to fix parameters they did not intend to test, the meta study explores a rich set of control variables for multivariate analysis. It shows that Tobit models (assuming that dictators would even want to take money) and hurdle models (assuming that the decision to give a positive amount is separate from the choice of amount, conditional on giving) outperform mere meta-regression and OLS