The Evolution of Multicomponent Systems at High Pressures: VI. The Thermodynamic Stability of the Hydrogen-Carbon System: The Genesis of Hydrocarbons and the Origin of Petroleum

The spontaneous genesis of hydrocarbons which comprise natural petroleum have been analyzed by chemical thermodynamic stability theory. The constraints imposed upon chemical evolution by the second law of thermodynamics are briefly reviewed; and the effective prohibition of transformation, in the regime of temperatures and pressures characteristic of the near-surface crust of the Earth, of biological molecules into hydrocarbon molecules heavier than methane is recognized. A general, first-principles equation of state has been developed by extending scaled particle theory (SPT) and by using the technique of the factored partition function of the Simplified Perturbed Hard Chain Theory (SPHCT). The chemical potentials, and the respective thermodynamic Affinity, have been calculated for typical components of the hydrogen-carbon (H-C) system over a range pressures between 1-100 kbar, and at temperatures consistent with those of the depths of the Earth at such pressures. The theoretical analyses establish that the normal alkanes, the homologous hydrocarbon group of lowest chemical potential, evolve only at pressures greater than approximately thirty kbar, excepting only the lightest, methane. The pressure of thirty kbar corresponds to depths of approximately 100 km. Special high-pressure apparatus has been designed which permits investigations at pressures to 50 kbar and temperatures to 2000 K, and which also allows rapid cooling while maintaining high pressures. The high-pressure genesis of petroleum hydrocarbons has been demonstrated using only the solid reagents iron oxide, FeO, and marble, CaCO3, 99.9% pure and wet with triple-distilled water

University Teachers’ Conceptions of Their Role in Teaching Problem-Solving

Equipping young adults with problem-solving skills is critical in today’s knowledge economy. Universities have increasingly adopted approaches like problem-based learning (PBL) to foster critical thinking and independent learning. However, while extensive research exists on the benefits of PBL, less attention has been given to studying tutors\u27 conceptions about their role from a phenomengoraphic research perspective. This study addresses this gap by investigating university tutors\u27 conceptions of their roles in teaching problem-solving skills within a PBL environment. Data from interviews with 15 tutors identified a progression of conceptions, from creating a safe learning environment to fostering independent learners. Each conception affects practices in tutorial groups, shaping inquiry depth, collaboration quality, and transferable skills development. The findings highlight the importance of understanding tutors’ roles in enhancing the potential of PBL to equip students with essential problem-solving skills. By uncovering the diverse ways tutors conceive their role, this research offers actionable insights for academic developers and educators aiming to refine teacher training programs and foster student-centred learning in higher education

PBL Tutors’ Conceptions of Teaching Problem-Solving: A Phenomenographic Exploration

Problem-solving (PS) is taught and practised in many higher education institutions across various disciplines. However, there is a lack of understanding of how to teach PS in a way that aligns with the specific principles and methods associated with its pedagogy. This study aimed to understand how tutors of Problem-Based Learning (PBL), a problem-centered instructional practice, conceptualize teaching problem-solving (CoTPS). Through qualitative interviews followed by phenomenographic analysis, we developed a model of CoTPS, which analyses how PBL tutors conceive problems in instruction, the process of problem-solving, and their role in tutorial groups. The categories of description, forming a hierarchy of inclusivity, enabled us to identify the least and most complex conceptions of teaching problem-solving. This model allows PBL tutors and, more broadly, higher education teachers to reflect on their conceptions and enables academic developers to create programs that enhance both conceptual understanding and practical application of problem-centred instruction

Therapeutic Options for the Single Pill Combination of Lisinopril, Amlodipine and Rosuvastatin: a Systematic Review

Aim. To evaluate the effect of taking a single pill combination of amlodipine, lisinopril and rosuvastatin on blood pressure (BP) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in hypertensive patients with or without severe hypercholesterolemia.Material and methods. Articles published in Russian were selected for analysis. Six articles that met the criteria for inclusion in a systematic review were found by searching the eLibrary database for the keyword "equamer". The results of 5 observational clinical studies were presented in these articles. The effectiveness of the fixed combination of amlodipine, lisinopril and rosuvastatin was assessed mainly by changes in the level of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the concentration of LDL cholesterol. In addition, the effects of fixed-dose amlodipine, lisinopril, and rosuvastatin on central aortic pressure and its increment index, as well as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, were studied in part of the studies. The effect of the fixed combination of amlodipine, lisinopril and rosuvastatin on blood pressure and LDL-C concentration, as well as on these additional indicators, in patients who had a coronavirus infection with severe lung damage was studied in one study.Results. Evidence from a systematic review demonstrates the efficacy of single pill combination amlodipine, lisinopril and rosuvastatin in reducing blood pressure and LDL-C in a wide range of patients with different baseline risk of developing cardiovascular complications and different baseline levels of blood pressure and LDL-C.Conclusion. The data obtained confirm the feasibility of more frequent prescription of the single pill combination of amlodipine, lisinopril and rosuvastatin in clinical practice for the treatment of hypertensive patients with high or moderate risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, including patients with concomitant hypercholesterolemia

First-principles calculations of the phase stability of TiO2

Published versio

Current approaches to the selection of acetylsalicylic acid dosage forms in cardiology

The article is devoted to modern approaches to the selection of optimal dosage forms of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), which ensure high bioavailability of ASA drugs. The relevance of improving the tactics of ASA use for both primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases is discussed. Changes in the role of ASA in the prevention of cardiovascular disease complications are discussed, including as part of combined antithrombotic therapy, including ASA and either P2Y12 inhibitor or low-dose rivaroxaban. Evidence is presented that has led to doubts about the sufficient bioavailability of the enteric form of ASA, as well as the predictability of the response to therapy. A separate part of the article is devoted to the safety of different forms of ASA, in particular - the effect on the mucosa of the small intestine. The results of clinical studies evaluating the effect of ASA intake in enteric-soluble and buffered forms on the small intestinal mucosa and the risk of bleeding are presented. In addition, the problem of decreased effectiveness of ASA intake in overweight or obese individuals is considered. The article provides information on ongoing randomized trials to assess the effectiveness of increasing the frequency of ASA intake, as well as the effectiveness of chronopharmacological approaches to optimize the use of ASA. The analysis performed leads it to conclude that the buffer form can now be considered the preferred acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) dosage form, which, on the one hand, exerts a less pronounced effect on the gastric and small intestinal mucosa, and on the other hand, ensures high bioavailability, as well as minimal variability of treatment response

Анемия у больных с хронической сердечной недостаточностью: современное состояние проблемы

The article reports the modern tactics of treating patients with chronic heart failure and concomitant anemia. The results of the most important randomized clinical trials that are the basis for developing approaches to the treatment of anemia in such cases are discussed. Attention is also paid to unresolved problems in the treatment of anemia in patients with heart failure. The data on the intravenous administration of iron preparations as the most effective approach to the treatment of anemia in patients with heart failure in the presence of iron defciency are given. The main provisions of modern clinical guidelines on the management of patients with heart failure and anemia are considered.В статье рассмотрена современная тактика лечения больных с хронической сердечной недостаточностью и сопутствующей анемией. Обсуждаются результаты наиболее важных рандомизированных клинических исследований, которые стали основанием для разработки подходов к лечению анемии в таких случаях. Уделяется внимание и нерешенным проблемам лечения анемии у больных с сердечной недостаточностью (СН). Приводятся данные о внутривенном введении препаратов железа как наиболее эффективном подходе к лечению анемии у больных с сердечной недостаточностью при наличии дефицита железа. Рассматриваются основные положения современных клинических рекомендаций по тактике ведения больных с СН и анемией

Современные подходы к выбору лекарственной формы ацетилсалициловой кислоты в кардиологии

The article is devoted to modern approaches to the selection of optimal dosage forms of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), which ensure high bioavailability of ASA drugs. The relevance of improving the tactics of ASA use for both primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases is discussed. Changes in the role of ASA in the prevention of cardiovascular disease complications are discussed, including as part of combined antithrombotic therapy, including ASA and either P2Y12 inhibitor or low-dose rivaroxaban. Evidence is presented that has led to doubts about the sufficient bioavailability of the enteric form of ASA, as well as the predictability of the response to therapy. A separate part of the article is devoted to the safety of different forms of ASA, in particular - the effect on the mucosa of the small intestine. The results of clinical studies evaluating the effect of ASA intake in enteric-soluble and buffered forms on the small intestinal mucosa and the risk of bleeding are presented. In addition, the problem of decreased effectiveness of ASA intake in overweight or obese individuals is considered. The article provides information on ongoing randomized trials to assess the effectiveness of increasing the frequency of ASA intake, as well as the effectiveness of chronopharmacological approaches to optimize the use of ASA. The analysis performed leads it to conclude that the buffer form can now be considered the preferred acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) dosage form, which, on the one hand, exerts a less pronounced effect on the gastric and small intestinal mucosa, and on the other hand, ensures high bioavailability, as well as minimal variability of treatment response.Статья посвящена современным подходам к выбору оптимальных лекарственных форм ацетилсалициловой кислоты (АСК), которые обеспечивают высокую биодоступность препаратов АСК. Рассматривается актуальность усовершенствования тактики применения АСК с целью как первичной, так и вторичной профилактики развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Обсуждается изменение роли АСК в профилактике развития осложнений сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, в т. ч. в составе комбинированной антитромботической терапии, включающей АСК, а также либо ингибитор P2Y12, либо низкую дозу ривароксабана. Приводятся доказанные данные, которые стали основанием для сомнений в достаточной биодоступности кишечнорастворимой формы АСК, а также в предсказуемости ответной реакции на терапию. Отдельная часть статьи посвящена вопросам безопасности разных форм АСК, в частности – влиянию на слизистую оболочку тонкого кишечника. Приводятся результаты клинических исследований, в ходе выполнения которых оценивали влияние приема АСК в кишечнорастворимой и буферной форме на слизистую оболочку тонкого кишечника, а также риск развития кровотечений. Кроме того, рассматривается проблема снижения эффективности приема АСК у лиц с избыточной массой тела или ожирением. В статье предоставляется информация о продолжающихся рандомизированных исследованиях по оценке эффективности увеличения кратности приема АСК, а также по эффективности хронофармакологических подходов к оптимизации применения АСК. На основании выполненного анализа делается вывод о том, что в настоящее время предпочтительной лекарственной формой АСК можно считать буферную форму, которая, с одной стороны, обеспечивает менее выраженное влияние на слизистую оболочку желудка и тонкого кишечника, а с другой – обеспечивает высокую биодоступность, а также минимальную вариабельность ответной реакции на лечение

Martensitic growth in ZrO2--An in situ, small particle, TEM study of a single-interface transformation

An in situ TEM experiment on martensitic growth was performed using submicron ZrO2 particles of a square-platelet shape. The transformation was between the orthorhombic and the monoclinic phases and involved a simple shear plus a dilatation in the shear plane. The o/m interface propagated at a speed of 2 nm/s, while maintaining a sharp habit plane which was stepped on the unit cell scale. The average inclination of this stepped interface obeyed the invariant plane strain condition. While no long-range stresses were present, dislocation-like line contrast was revealed at the steps. These results are analyzed in terms of the coherency dislocation concept. Fundamental properties, such as the interfacial energy, Peierls stress and nucleus size, have been deduced.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/28555/1/0000357.pd

Мило «Перолайт» у лікуванні вугрової хвороби

The data are presented of the clinical study of the effectiveness of soap with the brand name Perolite, which includes benzoyl peroxide, and Perolite plus containing benzoyl peroxide and clindamycin for the local treatment of acne. The study, conducted in clinics of Georgia from May 2017 to April 2018, involved 120 patients with acute illness of light and medium severity (according to the acne dermatological index). Soap Perolite was used twice a day (morning and evening) in the form of monotherapy in patients with mild severity of acne and in combination with gel containing benzoyl peroxide.  Regardless of the severity of the process, but in presence of numerous pustular elements, the soap Perolite plus, which contains clindamycin, was prescribed. As soon as in 1 month of use of soap most patients (83 %) with a mild severity of the disease manifested reduction in the acne dermatological index. In patients with moderate disease severity, the index decreased by more than 60 %. Particularly quick improvement resulted from the use of soap Perolite Plus in patients with expressed pustular elements. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the soap Perolite exhibits sufficient therapeutic activity and is well tolerated by patients in the course of both mono and complex therapy of acne. In addition, it can be successfully applied in the summer. All this gives grounds to recommend the soap Perolite for widespread use in clinical practice.Приведены данные клинического исследования эффективности мыла с брендовым названием «Перолайт», в состав которого входит бензоила пероксид, и «Перолайт плюс», содержащего бензоила пероксид и клиндамицин, для местного лечения угревой болезни. В исследованиях, проведенных в клиниках Грузии с мая 2017 по апрель 2018 г., приняли участие 120 пациентов с угревой болезнью легкой и средней степени тяжести (согласно дерматологическому индексу акне). Мыло «Перолайт» применяли два раза в день (утром и вечером) в виде монотерапии у больных с легкой степенью тяжести акне или в комбинации с гелем, содержащем бензоила пероксид. Независимо от тяжести процесса, но при наличии множественных пустулезных элементов назначали мыло «Перолайт плюс», содержащее клиндамицин. Уже через 1 мес использования мыла у большинства пациентов (83 %) с легкой степенью тяжести болезни было отмечено снижение дерматологического индекса акне, у пациентов со средней степенью тяжести индекс снизился более чем на 60 %. Особенно быстро улучшение наступало при применении мыла «Перолайт плюс» у пациентов с наличием выраженных пустулезных элементов. На основании результатов проведенного исследования можно сделать вывод о том, что мыло «Перолайт» обладает достаточной терапевтической активностью и хорошо переносится пациентами при проведении как моно-, так и комплексной терапии акне. Кроме того, его можно успешно применять в летний период. Все это дает основание рекомендовать мыло «Перолайт» для широкого использования в клинической практике.Наведено дані клінічного дослідження ефективності мила із брендовою назвою «Перолайт», до складу якого вхо­дить бензоїлу пероксид, і «Перолайт плюс», що містить бензоїлу пероксид і кліндаміцин, для місцевого лікування вугрової хвороби. У дослідженнях, проведених у клініках Грузії з травня 2017 по квітень 2018 р., узяли участь 120 пацієнтів з вугровою хворобою легкого і середнього ступеня тяжкості (згідно з дерматологічним індексом акне). Мило «Перолайт» застосовували двічі на день (вранці і ввечері) у вигляді монотерапії у хворих з легким ступенем тяжкості акне і в комбінації з гелем, що містив бензоїлу пероксид. Незалежно від тяжкості процесу, але при численних пустульозних елементах призначали мило «Перолайт плюс», яке містить кліндаміцин. Уже через 1 міс використання мила у більшості пацієнтів (83 %) з легким ступенем тяжкості хвороби було відзначено зниження дерматологічного індексу акне, у пацієнтів із середнім ступенем тяжкості індекс знизився більш ніж на 60 %. Особливо швидко покращання наставало у разі застосування мила «Перолайт плюс» у пацієнтів з наявністю виражених пустульозних елементів. На підставі результатів проведеного дослідження можна зробити висновок про те, що мило «Перолайт» виявляє достатню терапевтичну активність і добре переноситься пацієнтами при проведенні як моно-, так і комплексної терапії акне. Крім того, його можна успішно застосовувати в літній період. Усе це дає підстави рекомендувати мило «Перолайт» для широкого використання в клінічній практиці