MAKING TANGIBLE THE ENTREPRENEURSHIP The development of franchising in the small and micro enterprise sector

When talking about economic development in emerging countries, it is generally stressed the role of micro and small enterprises (MSE), both for its ability to generate employment and for being the manifestation of the entrepreneurial spirit of its managers. For them is clearing the way and create practical options to maximize the results of their work. It is with this philosophy that this document raises the importance of the corporate franchises system as a mean to optimize the performance of MSE. And how can we have evidence of such optimization? There can be many ways, but the concept that is becoming more important is how to make tangible the corporate work, which means how to make «touchable» the entrepreneurial spirit, the very critical resource for managing the MSE. This is the message: the franchises make tangible the entrepreneurship spirit of the MSE.Franchises; MSE; tangible services; entrepreneurial spirit.

Impact of barriers on the onset of a Phytophthora megakarya epidemic in cocoa

Black pod rot of cocoa caused by Phytophthora megakarya causes significant losses in Cameroon. Normally (chemical) control efforts only begin when the first diseased pods appear. In theory, preventive control, focusing on reducing primary inoculum or barring it from infecting cocoa pods could alter the spatial and temporal development of a P. megakarya epidemic and reduce its impact. The principal source of primary inoculum is thought to originate from the soil. Therefore, the objective of this study was to study the effect of barriers between the soil and the cocoa tree, physical as well as chemical, on the onset of a P. megakarya epidemic. A completely randomized plot design was used, including five treatments with three replicate plots per treatment. Each plot consisted of 16 cocoa trees. Treatments were i) Control, no intervention, ii) Bare Soil, removal of the litter layer surrounding the cocoa trees, iii) Double Litter Layer, the removed organic matter (OM) from the bare soil treatment was added to this third treatment, iv) Ridomil, Ridomil was applied in three week intervals unto the OM surrounding the cocoa trees and v) Plastic Barrier, a plastic sheet was spread on top of the litter layer surrounding the cocoa trees. Data, the number of healthy and diseased pods below or above 3 meters above ground level, were recorded weekly. The cumulative number of diseased pods (CDP) as well as the pod rot rate (PRR) were calculated and plotted over time. The results showed that the bare soil treatment had the highest number of diseased pods as well as PRR, followed by the control, double litter layer and Ridomil treatments. The plastic barrier treatment had the lowest CDP and PRR, moreover, the first diseased pods appeared later in time compared with the other treatments. Pod rot rate and number of diseased pods was higher up to 3 meters than above 3 meters. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the importance of soil-born primary inoculum. Moreover, it demonstrates that it should be possible to delay the onset and subsequently reduce the severity of a P. megakarya epidemic, which could lead to less fungicide applications and higher yields. More attention should be given to the development of preventive control measures for P. megakarya pod rot. (Texte intégral

Non-Intrusive Sensor for In-Situ Measurement of Recession Rate of Ablative and Eroding Materials

A non-intrusive sensor for in-situ measurement of recession rate of heat shield ablatives. An ultrasonic wave source is carried in the housing. A microphone is also carried in the housing, for collecting the reflected ultrasonic waves from an interface surface of the ablative material. A time phasing control circuit is also included for time-phasing the ultrasonic wave source so that the waves reflected from the interface surface of the ablative material focus on the microphone, to maximize the acoustic pressure detected by the microphone and to mitigate acoustic velocity variation effects through the material through a de-coupling process that involves a software algorithm. A software circuit for computing the location off of which the ultrasonic waves scattered to focus back at the microphone is also included, so that the recession rate of the heat shield ablative may be monitored in real-time through the scan-focus approach

Planeamiento estratégico de la cadena de Restaurantes Wok

Wok es una cadena de restaurantes de comida asiática que ha logrado alcanzar dos ventajas competitivas sostenibles como son la reputación de marca y alianzas con proveedores locales, dentro de un modelo de negocios inclusivo que le permite asegurar insumos de calidad a mejores costos por la eliminación de intermediarios. El plan estratégico tiene la capacidad de crear un valor adicional hasta por US$4,67 millones, importe obtenido como VAN (valor actual neto) incremental luego de contrastar los resultados de los flujos de caja proyectados con aplicación de estrategias y sin estrategias. Esto considerando un COK (costo de oportunidad de capital) de 18,88$ 2,42 millones al usar como tasa de descuento un COK de 25%. Estas cifras se obtienen en el escenario normal que contempla alcanzar un crecimiento en ventas de 10% año/local en el periodo 2016-2020 mediante la obtención de préstamos bancarios para financiar la adquisición y equipamiento de nuevos locales. El presupuesto total considerado para la implementación de los planes es de US$5,87 millones del cual, aproximadamente el 70$ 4,08 millones) corresponden a las inversiones en los cuatro nuevos locales y su debido equipamiento, conceptos que han sido colocados dentro del presupuesto de operaciones. El plan de marketing contempla lograr el crecimiento en ventas de 138% mediante las estrategias de penetración de mercado y desarrollo de producto. El posicionamiento de la marca responderá a las expectativas de los clientes toda vez que se sustenta en el desarrollo de proveedores locales, el cuidado del medio ambiente y la calidad de insumos frescos y saludables. El presupuesto de marketing es por US$ 924.000 destinado, principalmente, a publicidad tanto en los mismos locales de la cadena como en medios escritos

Chemical control of cocoa dieback disease in Cameroon

Because of a significant increase of cocoa dieback incidence in Cameroon, cocoa farmers are starting to demand help in controlling this problem. Cocoa die back and desiccation are often caused by a complex of pathogens. Lasiodiplodia theobromae is the pathogen most frequently isolated from affected cocoa trees (>50%) in Cameroon. Isolations realized from mirid feeding lesions on cocoa branches, also raised the question of a possible relationship between mirids and L. theobromae. In this study, six fungicides have been tested in vitro with respect to their ability to control L. theobromae. The results showed that Banko-Plus (chlorothalonil + carbendazine) and Plantineb (80% maneb) were the most efficient with percentage inhibition of radial growth of 100 and 70%, respectively. The efficacy of both these fungicides was subsequently tested in the field. Field trials took place in the CAOBISCO plot near IRAD, Nkolbisson. In the 2007 season, cocoa trees were treated with the selected fungicides: Banko plus (seven treatments) and Plantineb (11 treatments). These two treatments were compared with the following treatments: i) Callomil Plus 72 WP (metalaxyl + copper oxide, seven treatments), habitually utilized by cocoa farmers to control Phytophthora megakarya, ii) Gawa (two treatments), an insecticide habitually used for mirid control and iii) absolute control (non treated cocoa trees). Each treatment was applied to two plots of 25 trees each. Trees were treated during July till December 2007. Data collection took place from July till December in 2007 and 2008. Data collection consisted of counting the number of healthy and wilted-desiccated branches of each cocoa tree. Once a month, from each tree that showed signs of wilt, a single branch was collected. These branches were taken to the laboratory and checked for the presence of pathogens associated with cocoa dieback, and in particular the presence of L. theobromae. Analysis of the results showed that the degree of infestation for the absolute control was 5.94%, which was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared with all other treatments. The Gawa treatment had the lowest degree of infestation and showed a control efficacy of 54.6%. Banko plus, Plantineb and Callomil controlled cocoa dieback by 51.3, 44.6 and 42.2%, respectively. These results also suggest that there might be a relationship between mirid attacks and cocoa dieback although the exact nature of this relationship remains to be elucidated. (Texte intégral

Constrained fit of the valence transversity distributions from dihadron production

We present a constrained analysis of the valence transversity Parton Distribution Functions from dihadron production in semi-inclusive DIS. While usual extractions of the transversity distributions rely explicitly on the fulfilment of the Soffer bounds, the present analysis releases that implicit restriction to implement further explicit constraints through the Lagrange multipliers method. The results are quantitatively comparable to previous analyses in the kinematical range of data ; the qualitative impact of the chosen fitting strategy translates into an increased flexibility in the functional form.Comment: 15 figures, hunsrt.bst included. Style modification

Trabajo remoto y rendimiento laboral en el personal administrativo de un centro superior universitario de Lima Norte, 2021

El presente trabajo de investigación propuso como objetivo precisar la Adaptación al trabajo remoto y rendimiento laboral en el personal administrativo de una universidad de Lima Norte 2021. Esta responde a la importancia de la adaptación al trabajo remoto y su influencia en desempeño de las labores diarias en la institución. La investigación es de tipo básica, enfoque cuantitativo no experimental, de corte transversal. La población de muestreo fue constituida por 133 colaboradores de las áreas administrativas; la recopilación de datos se realizó mediante un muestreo de tipo probabilístico, utilizando el programa SPSS 25, comprendido desde el mes de agosto hasta el mes de diciembre. El Trabajo remoto obtuvo un nivel bueno (69%) y la Motivación obtuvo un nivel bueno con 59%. Se concluye que el personal docente cuenta con un espacio y equipamiento adecuado para desarrollar el trabajo remoto, aunque no se ha estudiado si esto implica un gasto por su cuenta y si está de acuerdo con ello, así mismo, los docentes se adaptaron satisfactoriamente a la modalidad virtual y se les puede monitorear las actividades que realiza, además al estar en una nueva modalidad, esto se ha percibido como un valor agregado dentro de su formación profesional

Conductas antisociales-delictivas y autoconcepto en estudiantes de secundaria de 4° y 5° Grado de una I.E. de Chiclayo, 2016

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la relación entre conductas antisociales-delictivas y autoconcepto en estudiantes de secundaria de 4° y 5° grado de una I.E. de Chiclayo, 2016, para lo cual la investigación no experimental y diseño transversal correlacional tuvo como muestra a 172 estudiantes mujeres del 4° y 5° grado de secundaria, a quienes se evaluó con el Cuestionario de Conductas Antisociales-Delictivos y el Cuestionario de Autoconcepto de Garley. Los resultados indican que existe relación negativa muy débil entre las conductas antisociales y el autoconcepto a un nivel de significancia p0.05.Tesi

Prevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados a enfermedad periodontal en Canis familiaris adultos atendidos en un centro veterinario en Trujillo. 2023

El objetivo general de este trabajo de investigación fue el de de evaluar la prevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados a la enfermedad periodontal en Canis familiaris de Trujillo, se evaluaron 132 caninos, que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión: caninos de cualquier raza o sexo, mayores de 1 año y que no hayan sido sometidos a profilaxis dental en los últimos 6 meses. Se recolectaron datos por medio de un periodontograma canino el cual fue llenado al momento de la inspección clínica, así también se empleó una ficha de recolección de los datos relacionados con los factores a evaluar. Los datos fueron procesados con el software estadístico SPSS versión 25 para la determinación de la asociación entre variables y las tablas de frecuencias se realizaron en Excel. Obteniéndose como resultado que la prevalencia de enfermedad periodontal canina fue de 56.06% (74/132), siendo el grado 1 el de mayor frecuencia con 63.5% (47/74). Así también se determinó que la edad y tamaño son factores de riesgo estadísticamente significativo con un valor p= < 0.001 y p= 0.004, respectivamente. Los factores tipo de cráneo, sexo, tipo de alimentación no presentaron significancia estadística. Se concluye que la enfermedad periodontal en Canis familiaris es alta y los factores de riesgo asociados son edad y tamaño del can.The objective of this research was to evaluate the prevalence and associated factors with periodontal disease in Canis familiaris in Trujillo. 132 canines were evaluated, which fulfilled the inclusion criteria: canines of any breed or sex, older than 1 year and that had not undergone dental prophylaxis in the last 6 months. Data were collected by means of a canine periodontogram, which was filled out at the time of the clinical inspection, as well as a data collection form related to the factors to be evaluated. The data were processed with the statistical software SPSS version 25 for the determination of the association between variables and the frequency tables were made in Excel. As a result, the prevalence of canine periodontal disease was 56.06% (74/132), with grade 1 being the most frequent with 63.5% (47/74). Age and size were also found to be statistically significant risk factors with p= < 0.001 and p= 0.004, respectively. The factors skull type, sex and type of diet were not statistically significant. It is concluded that periodontal disease in Canis familiaris is high and the associated risk factors are age and size of the canineTesi