352 research outputs found

    Nonlinear two-dimensional terahertz photon echo and rotational spectroscopy in the gas phase

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    Ultrafast two-dimensional spectroscopy utilizes correlated multiple light-matter interactions for retrieving dynamic features that may otherwise be hidden under the linear spectrum. Its extension to the terahertz regime of the electromagnetic spectrum, where a rich variety of material degrees of freedom reside, remains an experimental challenge. Here we report ultrafast two-dimensional terahertz spectroscopy of gas-phase molecular rotors at room temperature. Using time-delayed terahertz pulse pairs, we observe photon echoes and other nonlinear signals resulting from molecular dipole orientation induced by three terahertz field-dipole interactions. The nonlinear time-domain orientation signals are mapped into the frequency domain in two-dimensional rotational spectra which reveal J-state-resolved nonlinear rotational dynamics. The approach enables direct observation of correlated rotational transitions and may reveal rotational coupling and relaxation pathways in the ground electronic and vibrational state.Comment: 31 pages, 14 figure

    Intelligente Prozessüberwachung für die flexible Produktion – Integration von Physics-Informed Machine Learning und Active Learning

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    In einer individualisierten Produktion mit hoher Variantenvielfalt stoßen traditionelle Ansätze zur Prozessüberwachung immer häufiger an ihre Grenzen. Diese basieren meist auf statischen Datensätzen oder wiederkehrenden Prozessmustern, was in dynamischen Produktionsumgebungen zu ungenauen Vorhersagen und vermehrten Fehlalarmen führen kann. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Konzept zur Flexibilisierung der Prozessüberwachung diskreter Produktionsprozesse vorgestellt, das auf der Kombination von Physics-informed Machine Learning (PIML) und Active Learning (AL) basiert. In agilen Produktionsumgebungen können so nicht nur Anomalien erkannt, sondern das Überwachungsmodell bei Fehlalarmen auch automatisch aktualisiert werden. Dadurch bleibt das Überwachungssystem auch unter variablen Produktionsbedingungen präzise, was Fehlalarme reduziert und damit zu einer verbesserten Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) beiträgt

    KI-Einsatz in KMU: Einstiegshürden ausräumen [Clearing entry hurdles for AI deployment in SMEs – Artificial intelligence for German SMEs]

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    Anwendungen künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) bieten für die Produktionstechnik enorme Potenziale. Diese sind vor allem in kleinen und mittelständischen Unternehmen (KMU) nicht umfassend ausgeschöpft. Ein Grund dafür ist, dass die Umsetzung von KI-Projekten Ressourcen benötigt, welche die KMU oft nicht eigenständig bereitstellen können. Vorgestellt wird ein Konzept, um das Deployment von KI-Modellen im Produktionsumfeld zu begleite. Es ist einsetzbar unter verschiedensten Randbedingungen und mit geringem Eigenentwicklungsanteil

    Hybrid Machine Learning for CNC Process Monitoring

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    The transition to highly customized, one-off production in modern manufacturing necessitates sophisticated process monitoring to reduce waste, minimise downtime, and alleviate operator burden. Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) axes represent a fundamental component of automated manufacturing and offer a universal and accessible monitoring option through power supply data. By accurately predicting reference signals and comparing them with real-time measurements, deviations can be used for effective model-based process monitoring and anomaly detection. This study explores the efficacy of hybrid machine learning (ML) models in predicting reference signals for CNC axes using features derived from a physical model. Additionally, relevant but difficult-to-measure features such as process forces and the material removal rate (MMR) were made accessible through soft sensors. Various ML models were evaluated, including tree-based models (e.g. random forest (RF) and gradient boosting (GB)) and deep learning (DL) models (e.g. feed-forward neural networks (FNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), and transformers-based models (TF)). Feature importance analysis was performed, identifying velocity, acceleration, process forces, spindle torque, andMMRas crucial predictors that influence model performance. Key results indicate that tree-based models, specifically RF and GB, consistently delivered the highest accuracy, achieving R2 up to 0.98 for translatory axes and approximately 0.89 for the main spindle. These models demonstrated robustness, outperforming deep learning approaches, particularly when trained on smaller datasets. Although DL models improved with larger data volumes, their performance remained inferior compared to tree-based methods. The study underscores the potential of the integration of physical knowledge into hybrid ML models to enhance model-based process monitoring

    Current Options for the Treatment of Food Allergy

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    Food allergy is increasing in prevalence; as a result, there is intense focus on developing safe and effective therapies. Current methods of specific immunotherapy include oral, sublingual, and epicutaneous, while nonspecific methods that have been investigated include: Chinese herbal medicine, probiotics, and anti-IgE antibodies. Although some studies have demonstrated efficacy in inducing desensitization, questions regarding safety and the potential for achieving immune tolerance remain. Although some of these therapies demonstrate promise, further investigation is required before their incorporation into routine clinical practice

    Identification of the Efficiency Gap by Coupling a Fundamental Electricity Market Model and an Agent-Based Simulation Model

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    A reliable and cost-effective electricity system transition requires both the identification of optimal target states and the definition of political and regulatory frameworks that enable these target states to be achieved. Fundamental optimization models are frequently used for the determination of cost-optimal system configurations. They represent a normative approach and typically assume markets with perfect competition. However, it is well known that real systems do not behave in such an optimal way, as decision-makers do not have perfect information at their disposal and real market actors do not take decisions in a purely rational way. These deficiencies lead to increased costs or missed targets, often referred to as an “efficiency gap”. For making rational political decisions, it might be valuable to know which factors influence this efficiency gap and to what extent. In this paper, we identify and quantify this gap by soft-linking a fundamental electricity market model and an agent-based simulation model, which allows the consideration of these effects. In order to distinguish between model-inherent differences and non-ideal market behavior, a rigorous harmonization of the models was conducted first. The results of the comparative analysis show that the efficiency gap increases with higher renewable energy shares and that information deficits and policy instruments affect operational decisions of power market participants and resulting overall costs significantly.Funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, grant numbers 03ET4025A/03ET4025B

    Carbon-phosphorus cycle models overestimate CO2 enrichment response in a mature Eucalyptus forest.

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    The importance of phosphorus (P) in regulating ecosystem responses to climate change has fostered P-cycle implementation in land surface models, but their CO2 effects predictions have not been evaluated against measurements. Here, we perform a data-driven model evaluation where simulations of eight widely used P-enabled models were confronted with observations from a long-term free-air CO2 enrichment experiment in a mature, P-limited Eucalyptus forest. We show that most models predicted the correct sign and magnitude of the CO2 effect on ecosystem carbon (C) sequestration, but they generally overestimated the effects on plant C uptake and growth. We identify leaf-to-canopy scaling of photosynthesis, plant tissue stoichiometry, plant belowground C allocation, and the subsequent consequences for plant-microbial interaction as key areas in which models of ecosystem C-P interaction can be improved. Together, this data-model intercomparison reveals data-driven insights into the performance and functionality of P-enabled models and adds to the existing evidence that the global CO2-driven carbon sink is overestimated by models
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