En la periferia del imperio: provincias tributarias aztecas en la frontera imperial

This article deals with the arrangement of conquered provinces in the Aztec empire. It has become widely recognized that the empire employed contrasting imperial strategies resulting in tributary and strategic provinces, the latter often tending to insulate the former from potentially dangerous frontiers. Therefore, it is somewhat problematical to find several tributary provinces established on the fringes of the empire and even along hostile borderlands. Explanations for these arrangements are presented from an examination of historical, economic, and military/administrative dimensions of Aztec empire-building

Emulating long-term synaptic dynamics with memristive devices

The potential of memristive devices is often seeing in implementing neuromorphic architectures for achieving brain-like computation. However, the designing procedures do not allow for extended manipulation of the material, unlike CMOS technology, the properties of the memristive material should be harnessed in the context of such computation, under the view that biological synapses are memristors. Here we demonstrate that single solid-state TiO2 memristors can exhibit associative plasticity phenomena observed in biological cortical synapses, and are captured by a phenomenological plasticity model called triplet rule. This rule comprises of a spike-timing dependent plasticity regime and a classical hebbian associative regime, and is compatible with a large amount of electrophysiology data. Via a set of experiments with our artificial, memristive, synapses we show that, contrary to conventional uses of solid-state memory, the co-existence of field- and thermally-driven switching mechanisms that could render bipolar and/or unipolar programming modes is a salient feature for capturing long-term potentiation and depression synaptic dynamics. We further demonstrate that the non-linear accumulating nature of memristors promotes long-term potentiating or depressing memory transitions

Covalent targeting of the vacuolar H+-ATPase activates autophagy via mTORC1 inhibition.

Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that eliminates aggregated proteins and damaged organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis. A major route for activating autophagy involves inhibition of the mTORC1 kinase, but current mTORC1-targeting compounds do not allow complete and selective mTORC1 blockade. Here, we have coupled screening of a covalent ligand library with activity-based protein profiling to discover EN6, a small-molecule in vivo activator of autophagy that covalently targets cysteine 277 in the ATP6V1A subunit of the lysosomal v-ATPase, which activates mTORC1 via the Rag guanosine triphosphatases. EN6-mediated ATP6V1A modification decouples the v-ATPase from the Rags, leading to inhibition of mTORC1 signaling, increased lysosomal acidification and activation of autophagy. Consistently, EN6 clears TDP-43 aggregates, a causative agent in frontotemporal dementia, in a lysosome-dependent manner. Our results provide insight into how the v-ATPase regulates mTORC1, and reveal a unique approach for enhancing cellular clearance based on covalent inhibition of lysosomal mTORC1 signaling

A Metabolic Dependency for Host Isoprenoids in the Obligate Intracellular Pathogen Rickettsia parkeri Underlies a Sensitivity to the Statin Class of Host-Targeted Therapeutics.

Gram-negative bacteria in the order Rickettsiales have an obligate intracellular growth requirement, and some species cause human diseases such as typhus and spotted fever. The bacteria have evolved a dependence on essential nutrients and metabolites from the host cell as a consequence of extensive genome reduction. However, it remains largely unknown which nutrients they acquire and whether their metabolic dependency can be exploited therapeutically. Here, we describe a genetic rewiring of bacterial isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways in the Rickettsiales that has resulted from reductive genome evolution. Furthermore, we investigated whether the spotted fever group Rickettsia species Rickettsia parkeri scavenges isoprenoid precursors directly from the host. Using targeted mass spectrometry, we found that infection caused decreases in host isoprenoid products and concomitant increases in bacterial isoprenoid metabolites. Additionally, we report that treatment of infected cells with statins, which inhibit host isoprenoid synthesis, prohibited bacterial growth. We show that growth inhibition correlates with changes in bacterial size and shape that mimic those caused by antibiotics that inhibit peptidoglycan biosynthesis, suggesting that statins lead to an inhibition of cell wall synthesis. Altogether, our results describe a potential Achilles' heel of obligate intracellular pathogens that can potentially be exploited with host-targeted therapeutics that interfere with metabolic pathways required for bacterial growth.IMPORTANCE Obligate intracellular pathogens, which include viruses as well as certain bacteria and eukaryotes, are a subset of infectious microbes that are metabolically dependent on and unable to grow outside an infected host cell because they have lost or lack essential biosynthetic pathways. In this study, we describe a metabolic dependency of the bacterial pathogen Rickettsia parkeri on host isoprenoid molecules that are used in the biosynthesis of downstream products, including cholesterol, steroid hormones, and heme. Bacteria make products from isoprenoids, such as an essential lipid carrier for making the bacterial cell wall. We show that bacterial metabolic dependency can represent a potential Achilles' heel and that inhibiting host isoprenoid biosynthesis with the FDA-approved statin class of drugs inhibits bacterial growth by interfering with the integrity of the cell wall. This work supports the potential to treat infections by obligate intracellular pathogens through inhibition of host biosynthetic pathways that are susceptible to parasitism

Exploring Meaningful Patient Engagement in ADAPTABLE (Aspirin Dosing: A Patient-centric Trial Assessing Benefits and Long-term Effectiveness).

BackgroundGenuine patient engagement can improve research relevance, impact and is required for studies using the National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network including major multicenter research projects. It is unclear, however, how best to integrate patients into governance of such projects.MethodsADAPTABLE (Aspirin Dosing: A Patient-centric Trial Assessing Benefits and Long-term Effectiveness) is the first major multicenter research project to be conducted in National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network. Here, we provide a description of how we implemented patient engagement in ADAPTABLE thus far, including a description of committee structures and composition, first-hand patient testimonials, specific contributions, and lessons learned during the planning and early implementation of ADAPTABLE.ResultsWe recruited 1 patient leader from 6 of the 7 enrolling networks to serve on a Patient Review Board for ADAPTABLE, supported the Board with an experienced patient engagement team including an "investigator-advocate" not otherwise involved in the trial, and facilitated bidirectional communication between the Board and ADAPTABLE Coordinating Center. The Board has reviewed and provided substantial input on the informed consent procedure, recruitment materials, patient portal design, and study policy including compensation of participants. Although it was "too late" for some suggested modifications, most modifications suggested by the patient leaders have been implemented, and they are enthusiastic about the study and their role. The patient leaders also attend Steering and Executive Committee calls; these experiences have been somewhat less productive.ConclusionsWith adequate support, a cadre of committed patient leaders can provide substantial value to design and implementation of a major multicenter clinical trial

Emulating short-term synaptic dynamics with memristive devices

Neuromorphic architectures offer great promise for achieving computation capacities beyond conventional Von Neumann machines. The essential elements for achieving this vision are highly scalable synaptic mimics that do not undermine biological fidelity. Here we demonstrate that single solid-state TiO2 memristors can exhibit non-associative plasticity phenomena observed in biological synapses, supported by their metastable memory state transition properties. We show that, contrary to conventional uses of solid-state memory, the existence of rate-limiting volatility is a key feature for capturing short-term synaptic dynamics. We also show how the temporal dynamics of our prototypes can be exploited to implement spatio-temporal computation, demonstrating the memristors full potential for building biophysically realistic neural processing systems

Unsupervised learning in probabilistic neural networks with multi-state metal-oxide memristive synapses

In an increasingly data-rich world the need for developing computing systems that cannot only process, but ideally also interpret big data is becoming continuously more pressing. Brain-inspired concepts have shown great promise towards addressing this need. Here we demonstrate unsupervised learning in a probabilistic neural network that utilizes metal-oxide memristive devices as multi-state synapses. Our approach can be exploited for processing unlabelled data and can adapt to time-varying clusters that underlie incoming data by supporting the capability of reversible unsupervised learning. The potential of this work is showcased through the demonstration of successful learning in the presence of corrupted input data and probabilistic neurons, thus paving the way towards robust big-data processors

An FPGA-based instrument for en-masse RRAM characterization with ns pulsing resolution

An FPGA-based instrument with capabilities of on-board oscilloscope and nanoscale pulsing (70 ns @ \pm 10 V) is presented, thus allowing exploration of the nano-scale switching of RRAM devices. The system possesses less than 1% read-out error for resistance range between 1 text{k}\Omega to 1 text{M}\Omega , and demonstrated its functionality on characterizing solid-state prototype RRAM devices on wafer; devices exhibiting gradual switching behavior under pulsing with duration spanning between 30 ns to 100 \µs. The data conversion error-induced degradation on read-out accuracy is studied extensively and verified by standard linear resistor measurements. The integrated oscilloscope capability extends the versatility of our instrument, rendering a powerful tool for processing development of emerging memory technologies but also for testing theoretical hypotheses arising in the new field of memristors

Collaborative and competitive strategies in the variability and resiliency of large-scale societies in Mesoamerica

Examinations of the variation and duration of past large-scale societies have long involved a conceptual struggle between efforts at generalization and the unraveling of specific trajectories. Although historical particulars are critical to understanding individual cases, there exist both scientific and policy rationales for drawing broader implications regarding the growing corpus of cross-cultural data germane to understanding variability in the constitution of human societies, past and present. Archaeologists have recently paid increased attention to successes and failures in communal-resource management over the long term, as articulated by the transdisciplinary theory on cooperation and collective action. In this article, we consider frameworks that have been traditionally employed in studies of the rise, diversity, and fall of large-scale preindustrial aggregations. We suggest that a comparative theoretical perspective that foregrounds collective-action problems, unaligned individual and group interests, and the social mechanisms that promote or hamper cooperation advances our understanding of variability in these early cooperative arrangements. We apply such a perspective to an examination of cities from pre-Columbian Mesoamerica to demonstrate tendencies for more collective systems to be larger and longer lasting than less collective ones, likely reflecting greater resiliency in the face of the ecological and cultural perturbations specific to the region and era

Pengaruh Intensitas Mengakses Twitter Duta Im3 terhadap Kepuasan Pengalaman Adopsi dan Kepuasan Pengalaman Adopsi terhadap Keputusan Penggunaan Program Im3

Nama : Diyan H Ayu KinasihNIM : D2C009029Judul : Pengaruh Intensitas Mengakses Twitter Duta IM3 terhadapKepuasan Pengalaman Adopsi dan Kepuasan PengalamanAdopsi terhadap Keputusan Penggunaan Program IM3ABSTRAKTwitter sebagai salah satu promotion tools yang digunakan oleh PTIndosat Tbk, diharapkan dapat memperkenalkan program-program serta eventyang dilakukan oleh Indosat. Melalui duta IM3 sebagai brand ambassador, Indosatmencoba meraih pasar anak muda dengan melakukan kegiatan promosi.Tipe penelitian ini adalah eksplanatory yang menjelaskan pengaruhintensitas mengakses twitter duta IM3 terhadap kepuasan pengalaman adopsiterhadap kepuasan pengalaman adopsi, dan kepuasan pengalaman adopsi terhadapkeputusan penggunaan program IM3. Teknik pengambilan sampling denganproporsional random sampling. Uji pengaruh antara variabel intensitasmengakses twitter duta IM3 (X1) terhadap kepuasan pengalaman adopsi (X2)menggunakan Uji Regresi Linier Sederhana sementara uji pengaruh variabelkepuasan pengalaman adopsi (X2) terhadap keputusan penggunaan program IM3(Y) menggunakan Uji Regresi Logistik Biner.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat intensitas mengakses twitterduta IM3 berpengaruh negatif terhadap kepuasan pengalaman adopsi dimanahanya 6,1% Perubahan pada variabel Kepuasan Pengalaman Adopsi (X2)disebabkan oleh variabel Intensitas Mengakses Twitter Duta IM3 (X1) sisanya93,9% dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain diluar model yang diajukan. Serta kepuasanpengalaman adopsi (X2) berpengaruh positif terhadap keputusan penggunaanprogram IM3 (Y) dengan taraf kepercayaan sebesar 95%. Twitter merupakanmedia sosial yang bersifat real time. Sifat real time ini dapat menjadi kelebihanyaitu twitter mampu memberikan informasi secara cepa, namun juga memberikankelemahan yaitu cepat berlalunya informasi Dalam penelitian ini, twitter duta IM3dirasa kurang memberikan pengaruh yang maksimal dalam kegiatan komunikasipemasaran. Masih rendahnya frekuensi responden terhadap jumlah tweet yangdilihat per harinya menjadi salah satu penyebabnya. Pada kepuasan pengalamanadopsi, untuk kategori persyaratan tarif sendiri masih terhitung rendah namunsecara keseluruhan sudah merasa puas terhadap program-program IM3. Padaakhirnya keputusan yang diambil dalam penelitian ini adalah memutuskan untuktetap menggunakan program IM3, yang paling mendominasi adalah besarnyakeinginan untuk tetap merekomendasikan program IM3 kepada orang lain.Kata kunci: komunikasi pemasaran, intensitas mengakses twitter duta im3,keputusan menggunakan program im3.Nama : Diyan H Ayu KinasihNIM : D2C009029Judul : The influence of Intensity of Accessing to Twitter IM3Ambassador against Satisfaction of The Adoption Experienceand Satisfaction of The Adoption Experience against TheDecision Use of IM3 ProgramsABSTRACTTwitter as one of promotion tools used by PT Indosat Tbk, is expected tointroduce programmes and events carried out by Indosat. Through AmbassadorIM3 Indosat as brand ambassador, trying to grab the youth market by conductingpromotional activities.This research type is explanatory which explains the influence ofintensity of accessing twitter IM3 ambassadors against satisfaction of the adoptionexperience, and satisfaction of the adoption experience against decision use ofIM3 program. Retrieval technique of sampling with proportional randomsampling. Test of influence of variable intensity access twitter ambassadors IM3(X 1) to the satisfaction of the adoption experience (X 2) using Simple Linearregression test while the test influences of variable satisfaction the experience ofadoption (x 2) against the decision use of IM3 programs (Y) using BinaryLogistic regression test.The results of this research indicate there is an intensity to access twitterambassadors IM3 effect negatively to the satisfaction of the adoption experiencewhere only 6.1% change in the variable Satisfaction of the adoption Experience(X 2) the variable Intensity caused by Accessing Twitter Ambassadors IM3 (X 1)rest 93,9% influenced by variables other than the model asked. As well assatisfaction of the adoption experience (X2) have a positive effect against thedecision of the IM3 program (Y) with 95% confidence level. Twitter is a socialmedia in real time. This real time can be an excess of twitter to provideinformation we have load, but also give a quick passage of the weakness of theinformation. In this study, twitter proved less IM3 Ambassadors providemaximum influence in the activity of marketing communications. Still the lowfrequency of respondents against the number of tweets viewed per day to be oneof the cause. On the adoption experience, satisfaction for its own costrequirements category still accounts for low but overall it feels satisfied towardsIM3 programs. Ultimately the decision taken in this research is decided to stay,using program im3 most dominate is the desire to remain im3 programrecommends to others.Keywords: marketing communications, intensity of accessing twitter im3ambassadors, decision of the use of im3 programs.I Latar BelakangBanyak operator seluler di Indonesia menjadikan persaingan pasarsemakin ketat. Masing-masing operator meluncurkan program-program tambahanyang menawarkan berbagai macam bonus seperti bonus sms, telepon, maupuninternet. Untuk memperkenalkan program-program tersebut tentu dibutuhkanbauran promosi seperti TVC, radio, flayer, billboard/Baliho, poster, event, maupunsponsorship.Dari hasil survey awareness yang dilakukan kepada masyarakat Bandungterhadap salah satu program Indosat yaitu 7 Hari 7 Malam, menunjukkan hasilbahwa responden mengetahui program tersebut dengan presentase 88%.Sementara responden yang memahami informasi yang didapat sebanyak 44%.Dan responden yang menggunakan program tersebut hanya 35% saja. Kurangnyainformasi dari Indosat inilah yang mengakibatkan responden tidak menggunakanprogram tersebut. Informasi disini berkaitan tentang cara pemakaian, berapanominal pulsa yang harus dipakai, serta apa kelebihan dan kekurangan dariprogram tersebut. Masyarakat Bandung mengetahui program tersebut mayoritasdari iklan televisi dan radio dengan presentase 86%, sementara sisanya mengakumengetahui program tersebut dari billboard/Baliho, event, maupunbanner(http://www.academia.edu/3519915/HASIL_SURVEY_AWARENESS_MASYARAKAT_BANDUNG_TERHADAP_PROMO_INDOSAT_7h7m).Dengan menggunakan sosial media twitter melalui akun pribadi duta IM3diharapkan mampu mempromosikan segala program maupun event Indosatkepada masyarakat.II Perumusan MasalahMenurut hasil survey terhadap salah satu program Indosat yaitu 7 hari 7malam yang dilakukan di Kota Bandung, menunjukkan bahwa mayoritasresponden sudah mengetahui adanya program 7 hari 7 malam, namun karenakurangnya pemahaman informasi tentang program 7 hari 7 malam sepertiinformasi mengenai cara pemakaian, berapa nominal pulsa yang harus digunakan,dan apa kelebihan-kekurangan dari program tersebut menjadikan masyarakatmemilih untuk tidak menggunakan program 7 hari 7 malam. Ketika ditanyaresponden mengetahui program tersebut darimana, responden mayoritasmenjawab dari iklan televisi dan radio. Kedua media iklan yang disebutkan olehresponden merupakan media iklan yang bersifat satu arah, dimana tidak terdapatumpan Balik atau feedback dari pengirim pesan.Keterbatasan informasi yang disampaikan serta komunikasi yang terjalinbersifat satu arah inilah yang menjadi awal mula terjadinya masalah. Awarenessmasyarakat mengenai produk memang sudah baik, namun dikarenakanketerbatasan informasi yang diberikan dari Indosat menjadikan masyarakatenggan untuk mencoba menggunakan program tertentu.Melihat keterbatasan tersebut, Indosat dengan menggunakan sosial mediatwitter melalui para duta IM3 melakukan kegiatan promosi mengenai setiapprogram-program terbaru yang dikeluarkan oleh Indosat. Duta IM3 yang dipilihdari anak-anak SMA inilah akan mendapat tugas sebagai ambassador, salesendorser, public influencer, community acquisition, indosat representatif.Kecenderungan konsumsi remaja menggunakan sosial media twitter inilah yangmenjadi alasan Indosat untuk menggerakkan duta IM3 melakukan promosi disosial media khususnya twitter. Dengan demikian, apakah ada pengaruh antaraintensitas mengakses twitter duta IM3 terhadap kepuasan pengalaman adopsi dankepuasan pengalamn adopsi terhadap keputusan penggunaan program IM3.III Tujuan PenelitianPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh antara intensitasmengakses twitter duta IM3 terhadap kepuasan pengalaman adopsi. Dan pengaruhantara kepuasan pengalaman adopsi terhadap keputusan penggunaan programIM3.IV HipotesisDalam penelitian ini dapat dirumuskan hipotesis sebagai berikut :1. Terdapat pengaruh positif antara intensitas mengakses twitter duta IM3(X1) terhadap kepuasan pengalaman adopsi (X2)2. Terdapat pengaruh positif antara kepuasan pengalaman adopsi (X2)terhadap keputusan penggunaan program IM3 (Y)V Landasan TeoriDalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan 3 teori yang menjadi acuanatau dasar dalam pengerjaan penelitian ini yakni :Teori Difusi InovasiPada proses pengambilan keputusan inovasi, konsumen akan melaluibeberapa tahap yaitu pengetahuan, persuasi, keputusan, implementasi, dankonfirmasi (Shimp, 2003: 270).Low Involvement HierarchyLow involvement hierarchy menyebutkan bahwa tahapan Perubahansikap untuk produk low involvement yaitu penerima setelah menerima pesan yangdikomunikasikan atau tahap kognitif, penerima akan langsung melakukantindakan (behavior), dan baru setelah itu kemudian dipandang sebagai lewat dariingatan untuk perilaku untuk sikap Perubahan (afektif) (Belch, 2003 : 152).Teori Hierarki BelajarTeori hirarki belajar (The Learning Hierarchy Theory) (Liliweri, 1992 :90) menerangkan bahwa setiap informasi pertama-tama akan menerpa khalayakdan akibatnya terjadi Perubahan komponen kognitif dari khalayak tersebut.Perubahan itu meliputi kesadaran, perhatian, pemahaman khalayak terhadapproduk yang dipersuasifkan. Dengan kata lain, khalayak pertama-tama harusmemperhatikan, mengerti, dan paham tentang informasi.VI Metoda PenelitianTipe penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksplanatori, yaitu penelitian yangmenjelaskan hubungan kausal antara variabel-variabel yaitu intensitas mengaksestwitter duta IM3, kepuasan pengalaman adopsi, dan keputusan penggunaanprogram IM3.Dari total populasi 19511 follower duta IM3 Semarang, diambilsebanyak 100 responden sebagai sampel dengan teknik pengambilan sampelproporsional random sampling. Metode pengambilan sampel ini digunakanapabila populasi terdiri dari beberapa unit yang memiliki besar kecil yangberbeda. Dengan mengetahui jumlah setiap unit populasi yang ada, sampelkemudian diambil dari setiap unit secara berimbang berdasarkan besar kecilnyajumlah. Dari ukuran sampel 100, kemudian didistribusikan secara proporsionalmasing-masing ke dalam 10 unit duta IM3, yang disesuaikan dengan persentasejumlah total populasi yang dimiliki sampel. Kemudian tiap follower pada 10 unitduta IM3 diberi nomer terlebih dahulu, sesuai dengan jumlah anggota populasidan dilakukan pengundian.Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah dengan mengajukanpertanyaan secara langsung atau wawancara terhadap responden mengenaipertanyaan-pertanyaan yang tertera pada kuesioner.VII PembahasanHasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat intensitas mengakses twitterduta IM3 berpengaruh negatif terhadap kepuasan pengalaman adopsi dimanahanya 6,1% Perubahan pada variabel Kepuasan Pengalaman Adopsi (X2)disebabkan oleh variabel Intensitas Mengakses Twitter Duta IM3 (X1) sisanya93,9% dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain diluar model yang diajukan. Sehingga H1ditolak.Serta kepuasan pengalaman adopsi (X2) berpengaruh positif terhadapkeputusan penggunaan program IM3 (Y) dengan taraf kepercayaan sebesar 95%.Sehingga H2 diterima.Twitter merupakan media sosial yang bersifat real time. Sifat real timeini dapat menjadi kelebihan yaitu twitter mampu memberikan informasi secaracepa, namun juga memberikan kelemahan yaitu cepat berlalunya informasi Dalampenelitian ini, twitter duta IM3 dirasa kurang memberikan pengaruh yangmaksimal dalam kegiatan komunikasi pemasaran. Masih rendahnya frekuensiresponden terhadap jumlah tweet yang dilihat per harinya menjadi salah satupenyebabnya. Pada kepuasan pengalaman adopsi, untuk kategori persyaratan tarifsendiri masih terhitung rendah namun secara keseluruhan sudah merasa puasterhadap program-program IM3. Pada akhirnya keputusan yang diambil dalampenelitian ini adalah memutuskan untuk tetap menggunakan program IM3, yangpaling mendominasi adalah besarnya keinginan untuk tetap merekomendasikanprogram IM3 kepada orang lain.VIII KesimpulanBerdasarkan uraian pokok bahasan penelitian sebelumnya, maka dalambab ini berisi tentang kesimpulan atas hasil penelitian pengaruh intensitasmengakses twitter duta IM3 terhadap kepuasan pengalaman adopsi dan kepuasanpengalaman adopsi terhadap keputusan penggunaan program IM3 :1. Intensitas mengakses twitter duta IM3 berpengaruh negatif terhadap kepuasanpengalaman adopsi. Setiap kenaikan pada frekuensi dan durasi twittermenyebabkan penurunan pada kepuasan pengalaman adopsi.2. Kepuasan pengalaman adopsi berpengaruh positif terhadap keputusanpenggunaan program IM3. Tingkat kepuasan pengalaman adopsi membuatfollower twitter memutuskan untuk tetap menggunakan program Indosat.IX Saran1. Penggunaan twitter melalui akun pribadi duta IM3 dirasa masih kurangmemberikan pengaruh yang maksimal dalam aktifitas komunikasipemasaran, oleh karena itu penggunaan promotion tools lainnya perludipertimbangkan.2. Perlu adanya perencanaan dalam penggunaan sosial media dalam kegiatankomunikasi pemasaran, hal ini berkaitan dengan pemilihan waktu yangtepat untuk melakukan aktifitas dalam twitter. Para duta IM3 sebaiknyamemperhatikan waktu-waktu yang tergolong “premier” dimana pada jamjamtersebut mayoritas follower twitternya sedang mengakses twitter.3. Indosat perlu memperhatikan kembali ketentuan tarif yang dikenakanuntuk menggunakan program tertentu dengan melihat banyak respondenyang merasa kurang puas dengan persyaratan tarif program. Denganbegitu diharapkan masyarakat akan tetap menggunakan program IM3yang ditawarkan.DAFTAR PUSTAKABelch, George and Michael A Belch. (2003). Advertising and Promotion:AnIntegrated Marketing Communications Perspective (6th ed.). 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