Tourism development of the Opatija Riviera

Predmet rada je analiza i razvoj turizma i njegov utjecaj na transformaciju Opatijskog primorja. U radu se analiziraju strukturna obilježja i turistička dinamika Opatijskog primorja od prve pojave turizma nakon infrastrukturnih promjena 1843. godine zaključno sa suvremenim turističkim kretanjima. U istraživanju je korištena: analiza relevantne literature, analiza podataka DZS-a o stanovništvu i turizmu, GIS vizualizacija, statistički podaci turističkih zajednica te analiza bitemporalnih parova fotografija. Izračunati su i grafički prikazani relevantni turistički pokazatelji. Analiza je usmjerena na utvrđivanje faktora razvoja turizma s naglaskom na one prirodne koji predstavljaju temeljni privlačni atraktivni faktor turizma ove regije. Na temelju tih faktora utvrđen je tijek razvoja turizma od uspona krajem 19. stoljeća, nazadovanja turističkih trendova u razdoblju svjetskih ratova i ponovnog uspona u poslijeratnom razdoblju. U drugom dijelu rada identificirani su problemi turizma ove regije s naglaskom na infrastrukturne probleme i probleme u povezivanju pojedinih segmenata regije. Prijedlog budućeg razvoja usmjeren je na smanjivanje sezonalnosti i razvoj zaleđa.The paper analyses development of tourism and its influence on the transformation of the Opatija Riviera. It investigates tourism development and its structure since its initiation in 1843. The study bases on the analysis of relevant literature and CBS data of population and tourism (using statistical indicators), GIS visualisation and analysis of bitemporal pairs of photographs. The main aim is to determine factors of tourism development with emphasis on natural factors that have had a fundamental role of tourism development in this region. The paper analyses the historical development of tourism from its peak in late 19ᵗʰ century to its decline between World War I and II and its revitalization in the post-war period. The second part deals with main problems of tourism with emphasis on infrastructural and transport issues. Recommendations for future development focus on reducing seasonality of visiting and on development of the hinterland

Location-aware cache replacement for mobile environments

Traditional cache replacement policies rely on the temporal locality of users' access pattern to improve cache performance. These policies, however, are not ideal in supporting mobile clients. As mobile clients can move freely from one location to another, their access pattern not only exhibits temporal locality, but also exhibits spatial locality. In order to ensure efficient cache utilisation, it is important to take into consideration the location and movement direction of mobile clients when performing cache replacement. In this paper. we propose a mobility-aware cache replacement policy, called MARS, suitable for wireless environments. MARS takes into account important factors (e.g. client access rate, access probability, update probability and client location) in order to improve the effectiveness of onboard caching for mobile clients. Test results show that MARS consistently outperforms existing cache replacement policies and significantly improves mobile clients' cache hit ratio

Supporting disconnection operations through cooperative hoarding

Mobile clients often need to operate while disconnected from the network due to limited battery life and network coverage. Hoarding supports this by fetching frequently accessed data into clients' local caches prior to disconnection. Existing work on hoarding have focused on improving data accessibility for individual mobile clients. However, due to storage limitations, mobile clients may not be able to hoard every data object they need. This leads to cache misses and disruption to clients' operations. In this paper, a new concept called cooperative hoarding is introduced to reduce the risks of cache misses for mobile clients. Cooperative hoarding takes advantage of group mobility behaviour, combined with peer cooperation in ad-hoc mode, to improve hoard performance. Two cooperative hoarding approaches are proposed that take into account access frequency, connection probability, and cache size of mobile clients so that hoarding can be performed cooperatively. Simulation results show that the proposed methods significantly improve cache hit ratio and provides better support for disconnected operations compared to existing schemes

An efficient solution for privacy-preserving, secure remote access to sensitive data

Sharing data that contains personally identifiable or sensitive information, such as medical records, always has privacy and security implications. The issues can become rather complex when the methods of access can vary, and accurate individual data needs to be provided whilst mass data release for specific purposes (for example for medical research) also has to be catered for. Although various solutions have been proposed to address the different aspects individually, a comprehensive approach is highly desirable. This paper presents a solution for maintaining the privacy of data released en masse in a controlled manner, and for providing secure access to the original data for authorized users. The results show that the solution is provably secure and maintains privacy in a more efficient manner than previous solutions

Strategies for Reducing Sulfur Dioxide Emissions in Europe

Based on the Regional Acidification Information and Simulation (RAINS) model the paper explores the following strategies to reduce sulfur emissions in Europe: -- Current Reduction Plans and Maximum Technically Feasible Reductions, -- a reduction of the difference between the deposition in 1990 and the 5 percentile critical loads by 30%, -- achievement of target loads based on the 5 percentile critical loads multiplied by a factor 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5, -- achievement of target loads based on the 50 percentile critical loads, -- reductions based on minimum marginal abatement cost of 2500 DM ton SO2, combined with an international allotment of the remaining money of 0.2% of GDP, -- attainment of national target loads submitted by a number of countries. These strategies are evaluated on the basis of: the national emissions levels in the year 2000, the relative emission reductions (compared the year 1980), the annual costs of pollution control measures and resulting sulfur deposition in relation to the critical loads

Emission Scenarios for Methane and Nitrous Oxides from the Agricultural Sector in the EU-25

This report presents three emission scenarios of non-CO2 greenhouse gases from the agricultural sector of the EU-25 until 2020. These scenarios explore the likely implications of changes in agricultural production due to the - implementations of the EU Agenda 2000 CAP Reform of 1999 and the EU Nitrates Directive of 1991 (as used for the analyses of the EU Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) programme), - the implementation of the 2003 Mid-term review of the CAP reform and from anticipated impacts on fertilizer use of the reform of the EU sugar sector agreed in 2005, - and compare them with the agricultural projections provided by the EU Member States to IIASA for the preparations of the revision of the EU Emission Ceilings Directive in 2005. The emission scenarios have been developed with IIASA's Greenhouse and Air pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model (www.iiasa.ac.at/gains), which constitutes an extension of the Regional Air Pollution Information and Simulation (RAINS) model (www.iiasa.ac.at/rains) to greenhouse gases. All scenarios suggest for the EU-25 a significant decline of agricultural non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions between 1990 and future years, mainly as a consequence of declining cattle numbers due to productivity increases in milk and beef production and more efficient application of fertilizers. For the first scenario (i.e., CAFE projections reflecting the impacts of the Agenda 2000 CAP reform and the Nitrates Directive), an 11-13 percent decline of emissions from the EU-25 is estimated for the period 1990 to 2010, depending on the calculation methodology. The changes in livestock numbers and fertilizer use implied by the 2003 Mid-term review of the CAP reform and the EU sugar reform would reduce non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions further by approximately four percentage points. Based on the national projections of livestock numbers and fertilizer use as provided in 2005 by the Member States for the NEC revision, agricultural non-CO2 greenhouse gases are computed to decline by approximately 16 percent up to 2010. These trends show significant variations across Member States. Emissions from the old Member States (EU-15) are calculated to decline by between 7 to 13 percent, depending on the agricultural scenario and calculation method. For the new Member States (NMS-10), reductions between 32 and 35 percent are estimated. More than half of these reductions have occurred between 1990 and 1995, mainly due to the structural changes in the New Member States. Scenario 1 results in four percent additional emission reductions between 1995 and 2010, while the Mid-term CAP review Scenario 2 and the national projections suggest an eight percent further decline by approximately two percentage points

Structure of the RAINS 7.0 Energy and Emissions Database

The Regional Acidification Information and Simulation (RAINS) model has been developed as a tool to assess alternative strategies for reducing acid deposition. In the last years the model has been implemented for Europe, and it has been used to support international negotiations within the framework of the UN/ECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. Only recently, acidification has been recognized as a potential problem also for the rapidly growing economies in South-East Asia. To explore this potential threat and to design countermeasures at an early stage the RAINS model is now being implemented also for this region. Consequently, data base structures and software have been revised to make the RAINS model a universal tool applicable to any region in the world, provided sufficient data are available. This paper gives a detailed description of the revised data base structure of the energy and emissions module of the new model version (RAINS 7.0) and provides data collection tables to facilitate the preparation of model input data