PERSETUJUAN ANAK GADIS SEBAGAI SYARAT SAH PERKAWINAN DALAM PANDANGAN IBN QAYYIM AL-JAWZIYYAH

Rety Bilkis Syam : 14112141295 “Persetujuan Anak Gadis Sebagai Syarat Sah Perkawinan Dalam Pandangan Ibn Qayyim Al- Jawziyyah”. Perkawinan merupakan transaksi (akad) yang istimewa dalam Islam melebihi transaksi lainnya semisal jual beli. Oleh karenanya ketika akan melakukan perkawinan tersebut perlu pertimbangan yang matang dan pemenuhan terhadap ketentuan-ketentuan yang mendukung tercapainya tujuan perkawinan. Salah satu ketentuan yang diharapkan dapat membawa kepada tercapainya tujuan perkawinan tersebut adalah adanya persetujuan atau kebebasan anak gadis dalam menentukan calon suaminya. Lebih lanjut tentang adanya persetujuan anak gadis tersebut, ternyata di kalangan fuqaha’ terjadi perbedaan pendapat. Hal ini diindikasikan dengan terpecah mereka kepada dua kubu. Kubu pertama menyatakan bahwa persetujuan hukumnya hanya sekedar sunat, tanpa ada persetujuan pun, perkawinan tetap sah. Sedangkan kubu lain berpendapat persetujuan adalah sesuatu yang menentukan (wajib). Pada golongan pertama termasuk imam Syafi‘i yang mana pendapatnya diikuti mayoritas masyarakat Indonesia. Sedangkan di golongan kedua diikuti oleh Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah yang juga merupakan salah satu tokoh besar dalam dunia Islam. Masalah ini adalah bagaimana pendapat dan apa yang menjadi landasan pemikiran Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah tentang persetujuan anak gadis dalam perkawinan? Bagaimana relevansi pemikiran Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah dengan hukum positif di Indonesia? Tujuan dari penelitian ini Untuk pendapat dan apa yang menjadi landasan pemikiran Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah tentang persetujuan anak gadis dalam perkawinan, dan untuk mengetahui relevansi pemikiran Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah dengan hukum positif di Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif Bentuk penelitian ini adalah berupa kajian pustaka (library research). Kajian ini berusaha mengungkapkan pandangan Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah tentang persetujuan anak gadis dalam perkawinan, baik buku-buku teks, jurnal, atau majalah-majalah ilmiah dan hasil-hasil penelitian. Berdasarkan metode yang digunakan akhirnya bisa dilihat bahwa akar dari perbedaan pendapat diantara Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah dengan mayoritas fuqaha’ adalah karena Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah menggunakan mantuq nas (makna eksplisit) yang dikuatkan dengan ‘illat as-suqr dalam istinbat hukumnya. Sementara mayoritas fuqaha’ menggunakan mafhum mukhalafah (makna implisit) dalam istinbat hukumnya yang dikuatkan dengan memakai ‘illat al-bikr. Penelitian yang dilakukan penyusun juga memberikan jawaban bahwa pendapat Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah tersebut sejalan dengan perundangan yang berlaku di Indonesia. Perbedaan pendapat di antara Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah dengan mayoritas fuqaha’ merupakan sebuah fenomena yang menarik untuk dikaji. Hal tersebut memberikan kesempatan kepada penyusun untuk membuka tabir apa sesungguhnya yang menjadikan para ulama tersebut berbeda pendapat. Kata kunci: Anak Gadis, Perkawinan, dan Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya

CUSTOMER SATISFACTION IN MOBILE PHONE SERVICES IN BANGLADESH: A SURVEY RESEARCH

This study seeks to explore customer satisfaction and its influencing factors of the mobile phone operation industry in Bangladesh. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey form a diversified representative sample. An iterated factor analysis with principal component analysis (PCA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) including measurement model and structural model were applied to analyze data. The empirical results demonstrate that service quality and fair price have indirect influence on customer satisfaction of a mass service industry (i.e., mobile phone operators) through perceive value. Perceived value has mediating role between quality, charge fairness and satisfaction. Furthermore, result shows that fair price has positive direct impact on customer satisfaction, whereas, the results did not find any significant direct impact of service quality on customer satisfaction. Mobile phone operators are recommended to formulate operations and marketing strategies that focus on expectations of customers to enhance level of satisfaction. Similar industries may reveal similar relationship features in respect to these relationship constructs, if they are under similar category

Integration, Clarification, Substantiation: Sex, Gender, Ethnicity and Migration as Social Determinants of Women’s Health

The aim of this paper was to examine, via a scoping review, how the literature focusing on immigrant women’s health, based on selected criteria, has been able to capture not only sex and gender differences but also the other socially grounded determinants of health. Using selected health databases as well as a diversity of keywords, a final sample of 59 was obtained after a number of steps to increase validity and credibility of the process were taken. Since “women” was one of the main keywords, all of the studies included women either by themselves (n=20/59) or along with men (n=39/59). In 34 (57.6%) of the papers reviewed, gender was defined above and beyond “sex” (i.e. some discussion was provided regarding the social context of the study population prior to the presentation of the goal of the study). Ethnicity was merely mentioned without being expanded upon and at times being substituted with race in 26 (44%) of the papers reviewed. Migration was defined in 22 (37.2%) of the papers and was predominantly operationalized by length of stay in the country. While the concepts at hand represent important units of analysis within women’s health research, most studies neglected to either capture gender specificities beyond sex as a biological variable, or to define migration experiences beyond ethnic identity. Anchored within women’s health scholarship seeking for conceptual clarity and accuracy, this paper pleads for an improved consideration of the multiple and interactive social and biological determinants of health, as well as structural conditions at the basis of structural inequities; If the production of socially grounded women’s health research depends upon accurate, fully integrated and applied conceptualizations of relevant dimensions, how can this be facilitated by policy-makers, health research funding bodies, the researchers themselves and ultimately by health care practitioners

La pratique dans un contexte pluriethnique : Démarche en vue de la création d’une approche de négociation entre le personnel des services de soutien à domicile et les proches-aidantes d’un parent âgé

Cette étude qualitative visait à mettre à l’essai une démarche pour la création d’une approche de négociation entre le personnel des services de soutien à domicile et des proches-aidantes d’un parent âgé, en vue de formuler des recommandations pour une offre de services culturellement sensibles. L’approche repose sur un cadre conceptuel de négociation qui tient compte des perspectives paradigmatiques des parties concernées : les utilisateurs et prestataires de services. L’étude a été réalisée auprès d’aidantes d’origine haïtienne, en tant que cas traceurs, et auprès d’intervenants et d’intervenantes des services de soutien à domicile. Les données révèlent que les attentes et solutions concernant les services sont largement convergentes entre ces deux groupes d’acteurs et portent notamment sur les barrières à l’utilisation des services et les relations entre les aidantes et les intervenants ou intervenantes. Les principales recommandations issues des détenteurs d’enjeux concernent la formulation d’une politique de soutien des aidantes, la mise en place d’équipes ethnoculturelles de quartier, l’établissement de liens avec les organismes communautaires et la formation interculturelle des intervenants. Cette démarche fournit des pistes pour une pratique basée sur la négociation dans des contextes culturels divers.The aim of this qualitative study was to test an approach to negotiations between home support service personnel and the family caregivers of an elderly relative, with a view to formulating recommendations for a culturally adjusted service supply. Based on a conceptual model of negotiations, the approach takes into account the paradigmatic perspectives of the stakeholders, namely, service providers and service users. The study was conducted with caregivers of Haitian origin, which served as the tracer condition, and with home support service practitioners. Data indicate that expectations and solutions regarding services are widely convergent between the two groups of actors and have to do in particular with service utilization barriers and caregiver-practitioner relations. The main recommendations concern service supply and coordination, community organization and practitioner training. This approach provides leads for practice in different cultural contexts

Analisis Fisis Membran Biofilter Asap Rokok Berbahan Biji Kurma Untuk Menangkap Radikal Bebas

Rokok kretek merupakan salah satu produk budaya yang berurat akar pada kearifan lokal bangsa Indonesia. Merokok yang awalnya merupakan perlengkapan upacara adat telah bergeser menjadi kebiasaan umum dikalangan warga. Namun hingga saat ini isu pro-kontra rokok masih menjadi perbincangan hangat dikalangan masyarakat. Rokok yang terbuat dari tembakau jika dibakar akan menghasilkan beberapa reaksi kimia. Reaksi penguapan nikotin dan reaksi penguapan air. Nikotin yang menguap akan mengalami kondensasi kembali dalam paru-paru sehingga terjadi deposit nikotin yang menyebabkan penyakit kanker. Di sisi lain industri rokok yang berpijak pada kearifan lokal, mampu menjaga stabilitas perekonomian negara lewat sumbangsihnya dalam berbagai sektor salah satunya adalah Ekonomi. Komposit didefinisikan sebagai suatu sistem material yang tersusun dari campuran/kombinasi dua atau lebih unsur-unsur utama yang secara makro berbeda bentuk dan komposisi material namun tidak dapat dipisahkan. Biofilter komposit merupakan campuran dari beberapa bahan yang berasal dari alam dan diolah menjadi material komposit yang bertujuan untuk menyerap dan menghilangkan partikel radikal bebas yang terdapat di lingkungan. Kurma merupakan salah satu buah yang banyak dimanfaatkan dalam kedokteran ala nabi. Biji kurma mengandung senyawa-senyawa penting salah satunya fenolik bioaktif yang merupakan anti oksidan bagi makhluk hidup. Pada penelitian ini serbuk biji kuma digunakan sebagai membran komposit yang mampu menangkap beberapa jenis radikal bebas dari asap rokok. Pembuatan membran menggunakan biji kurma sebagai filler dengan variasi matriks PEG dan putuh telur. Variasi komposisi yang digunakan adalah 0.7 gram, 0.8 gram, 0.9 gram dan 1 gram filler dengan 0.3 ml PEG dan putih telur. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pada komposisi yang sama membran komposit biofilter berbahan biji kurma dengan matriks PEG memiliki kemampuan menangkap lima radikal bebas yaitu Hidroperoxida, CO2-, C, Peroxy, O-2, CuOx, dan CuGeO3. Membran komposit biofilter berbahan biji kurma dengan matriks putih telur memiliki kemampuan menangkap empat radikal bebas yaitu CO2-, C, CuOx, CuGeO3

Female genital cutting (FGC) and the ethics of care: community engagement and cultural sensitivity at the interface of migration experiences

BACKGROUND: Female Genital Cutting (FGC) anchored in a complex socio-cultural context becomes significant at the interface of access of health and social services in host countries. The practice of FGC at times, understood as a form of gender-based violence, may result in unjustifiable consequences among girls and women; yet, these practices are culturally engrained traditions with complex meanings calling for ethically and culturally sensitive health and social service provision. Intents and meanings of FGC practice need to be well understood before before any policies that criminalize and condemn are derived and implemented. FGC is addressed as a global public health issue with complex legal and ethical dimensions which impacts ability to access services, far beyond gender sensitivity. The ethics of terminology are addressed, building on the sustained controversial debate in regards to the delicate issue of conceptualization. An overview of international policies is provided, identifying the current trend of condemnation of FGC practices. Socio-cultural and ethical challenges are discussed in light of selected findings from a community-based research project. The illustrative examples provided focus on Western countries, with a specific emphasis on Canada. DISCUSSION: The examples provided converge with the literature confirming the utmost necessity to engage with the FGC practicing communities allowing for ethically sensitive strategies, reduction of harm in relation to systems of care, and prevention of the risk of systematic gendered stigmatization. A culturally competent, gender and ethically sensitive approach is argued for to ensure the provision of quality ethical care for migrant families in host countries. We argue that socio-cultural determinants such as ethnicity, migration, sex and gender need to be accounted for as integral to the social construction of FGC. SUMMARY: Working partnerships between the public health sector and community based organisations with a true involvement of women and men from practicing communities will allow for more sensitive and congruent clinical guidelines. In order to honour the fundamental principles and values of medical ethics, such as compassion, beneficence, non-malfeasance, respect, and justice and accountability, socio-cultural interactions at the interface of health and migration will continue to require proper attention. It entails a commitment to recognise the intrinsic value and dignity of girls’ and women’s context

Empowerment Beyond Numbers: Substantiating Women’s Political Participation

From our households and into our communities, from independent States to international governing bodies, gender operates as a construct of evolving aspects of women’s identities and is a medium through which expectations are prescribed, social norms are formed and power relations are negotiated. Gender constructs that impede women’s access to the public spheres of society diminish the possibility for equitable and empowering life conditions. Of particular emphasis in this paper, facilitating women’s entry into political bodies across the world is also compromised by persistent obstacles in women’s opportunities in both political and private spheres of life. Our research engages female and male panchayat members in rural Gujarat, India. We aim to understand how being a woman affects access to political office, experiences therein, negotiation procedures and decisions taken. It is theorized that facilitating female representation in local governmental structures (a panchayat) through a quota represents one of many routes toward empowerment and one potential means of improving health and household welfare. When empowerment is analyzed within India’s panchayat quota, dimensions such as gender and corresponding perceptions, norms and conditions evidence the centrality of gender as a persistent fault-line in number-based initiatives. The panchayat thus mirrors gendered social realities, demonstrating how complex the processes of substantial democratic political participation and women’s empowerment are, in India and elsewhere

Finding and Visualizing Relevant Subspaces for Clustering High-Dimensional Astronomical Data Using Connected Morphological Operators

Data sets in many scientific areas are growing to enormous sizes. For example, modern astronomical surveys provide not only image data but also catalogues of millions of objects (stars, galaxies), each object with hundreds of associated parameters. Gene expression ex-periments produce data about the complete genome of an organism under different conditions and at a sequence of time points. Ex-ploration of such very high-dimensional data spaces poses a huge challenge. Subspace clustering is one among several approaches which have been proposed for this purpose in recent years. How-ever, many clustering algorithms require the user to set a large num-ber of parameters without any guidelines. Some methods also do not provide a concise summary of the datasets, or, if they do, they lack additional important information such as the number of clus-ters present or the significance of the clusters

Positive influence of short message service and voice call interventions on adherence and health outcomes in case of chronic disease care: a systematic review

Background: Chronic diseases have emerged as a serious threat for health, as well as for global development. They endenger considerably increased health care costs and diminish the productivity of the adult population group and, therefore, create a burden on health, as well as on the global economy. As the management of chronic diseases involves long-term care, often lifelong patient adherence is the key for better health outcomes. We carried out a systematic literature review on the impact of mobile health interventions -mobile phone texts and/or voice messages- in high, middle and low income countries to ascertain the impact on patients’ adherence to medical advice, as well as the impact on health outcomes in cases of chronic diseases. Methods: The review identified fourteen related studies following the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, in PubMed, Cochrane Library, the Library of Congress, and Web Sciences. All the interventions were critically analysed according to the study design, sample size, duration, tools used, and the statistical methods used for analysing the primary data. Impacts of the different interventions on outcomes of interest were also analysed. Results: The findings showed evidence of improved adherence, as well as health outcomes in disease management, using mobile Short Message Systems and/or Voice Calls. Significant improvement has been found on adherence with taking medicine, following diet and physical activity advice, as well as improvement in clinical parameters like HbA1c, blood glucose, blood cholesterol and control of blood pressure and asthma. Conclusions: Though studies showed positive impacts on adherence and health outcomes, three caveats should be considered, (i) there was no clear understanding of the processes through which interventions worked; (ii) none of the studies showed cost data for the m-health interventions and (iii) only short term impacts were captured, it remains unclear whether the effects are sustained. More research is needed in these three areas before drawing concrete conclusions and making suggestions to policy makers for further decision and implementation