Zeus in Exile: Archaeological Restitution as Politics of Memory

This paper is an analysis of the current debates on the Zeus Altar, not only in terms of its present possession and copyright, but also as a collectively negotiated construct of memory. By investigating the case of the Pergamon Altar, I hope to show the shortcomings of the present literature for and against repatriation, which often treat the archaeological monument as mere cultural goods. A reconsideration of the Zeus Altar as embodiment of collective memory, which is at the heart of political negotiations today, may bring a new perspective to the definitions of cultural property, national patrimony and historical heritage.

Social Change and Entrepreneurship in Turkey: A Review of National Development Policies

The importance of entrepreneurship in a social structure results from the characteristics of entrepreneurs in determining the needs of a society and making investments in that area. Therefore, entrepreneurship is one of the most important factors of the progress for any social structure. On the entrepreneurship, the economics gives increasing importance to the characteristics of social structure. This situation has similar importance on the requirements of entrepreneurship. Two points should be considered in this context while analyzing entrepreneur behaviors. The first one is that entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs works with which social perception. The second one is that whether entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs use social environment they are in with different social groups. Beginning the transitional period from the industrial society to knowledge society in the world, the view of small enterprises can ensure competition efficiency and harmonization in especially social production area has become common. Therefore, ?small and medium enterprises' (SME) are started to be seen as enterprises that can accommodate changing conditions and fill demand gaps in the society quickly because of their dynamic structures. The importance of SMEs that involve great flexibility and productivity together at the international scale increases gradually. Thus, every country creates its own SME. Accordingly, this subject should be considered in terms of social culture since the SME-society relation involves originality for every society. Existing SME literature deals with SMEs independently from cultural structures of societies and considers them under the dominant economic theory. Thus, a standard SME and entrepreneur model approaching to all SMEs in all societies of the world with the same point of view occurs. Within the scope of the study, Turkey's process of social change was separated into mainly three terms starting from 1960 when the industrialization and urbanization rate increased. The effects of social structure characteristics of the terms on entrepreneurship are discussed. The discussion analyzes the policies of 9 different national development plans prepared by the governments and tried to be implemented in the terms between the years of 1963-2013 called as planned period and started at the same years in Turkey. This presentation is aimed at described the reflection of these policies, which are tried to be evaluated with social, economic, and spatial dimensions, on the local entrepreneur and local production spaces

Validation of a GC-IDMS method for the metrologically traceable quantification of selected FAMEs in biodiesel

Current methods for the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in rapeseed oil based biodiesel refer to operationally defined measurands, which is a practical solution for routine analysis. In this paper, a new method for the SI-traceable quantification of selected FAMEs in biodiesel and its validation are described. This method has the potential to be a reference method for applications requiring structurally defined measurands and traceability to the SI as it allows direct comparisons to well characterised calibrants through the use of isotopically labelled analogues of the analytes as well as establishing of a full uncertainty budget. The method is based on gas chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Its performance is demonstrated through its implementation and validation in two independent laboratories and is shown to provide reliable and traceable results for selected FAMEs in biodiesel test samples.JRC.D.2-Standards for Innovation and sustainable Developmen

Greater Istanbul metropolitan area planning experience (1965-1980)

Following the enforcement of the Urban Development Act in 1956 and the foundation of the Ministry of Reconstruction and Settlement in 1958, the first regional plan was developed for the Eastern Marmara Region in Turkey. The regional plan, which was prepared by the Ministry of Reconstruction and Settlement, in collaboration with the State Planning Office aimed at directing the industrial developments, the distribution of the industrial population and defining the hierarchy of urban settlements in the region respectively. The Regional Plan proposed an urban and regional infrastructure and a linear settlement development model for the Greater Istanbul area for the first time. The cities in Turkey were subject to a rapid urbanization due to a continuous flow of population from rural areas to the cities, which accelerated after 1950s. As a result, a multiplicity of new municipalities outside the existing limits of the major cities were formed, which necessitated a holistic planning in metropolitan scale. With this objective, three metropolitan planning offices were established for the major cities, Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir under the Ministry of Reconstruction and Settlement. In continuity with the principal decisions of the East Marmara Regional Plan, the planning studies for the Greater Metropolitan Area of Istanbul started with the foundation of Greater Istanbul Metropolitan Planning Office in 1965. The distribution of population between European and Asian sides of Istanbul metropolitan area was studied, and a linear pattern of settlement units separated by green areas was adopted in line with the regional plan. A strategic planning model was adopted in the last stage of the metropolitan planning. Based on an extensive survey, the demands of different sectors were defined. Alternative development strategies and scenarios were proposed with regard to the demands of the sectors. Beginning with the regional planning scale, the distribution of the residential and working areas, different strategies were tested with respect to their performances in achieving the initial development objectives. Based on an extensive data, projections, and regional development strategies updated, a plan that could guide the urban development policies was achieved. The metropolitan plan was completed and approved by the Ministry in July 1980. The Metropolitan Plan of Greater Istanbul constituted the first metropolitan plan, in Turkey, where the strategic planning approach was applied by comparing alternative development strategies. However, it could not be implemented properly as the planning authority was transferred to the Greater Municipality. Yet, with its holistic approach, this metropolitan plan that defined strategies of urban development and natural and urban conservation in metropolitan scale, could have prevented unplanned, piecemeal operations if it could be implemented. In the present paper, the metropolitan planning experience of Greater Istanbul is studied with a focus on the 1980 master plan. The role of the planning decisions in the urban development of the metropolitan city will be discussed at the end of the paper

Transformation of architectural types: from garden-house to apartment block, the case of Güven Housing Cooperative in Ankara, Turkey

The Italian school of typo-morphology reformulates the definition of architectural type in such a way that it refers to a set of quantitatively dominant buildings with common formal characteristics as a result of certain factors effective in particular geography and in particular period. Due to their physical dominance in the urban context, in-depth analysis of architectural types is crucial to have a better understanding of any city.This study is concerned with the transformation process of the planned capital city Ankara from a garden city with its garden-houses to a city of apartment blocks from the 1930s towards the 1970s. It aims to investigate the underlying factors effective in the formation and transformation of a neighborhood with garden-houses into an urban fabric of apartment block types through the case of Güven Housing Cooperative. The cooperative project, the first collective housing project completed by a private enterprise in Turkey, provides a good case to investigate the typo- morphological transformation process with its predominantly residential character.Keywords: garden-house, apartment block, Ankara, typology, typomorpholog

Homogeneity and Controlled Deviation: Design Codes as Behavior Codes in California’s Golf Communities.

Located in Southern California\u27s Coachella Valley, this study examines some of the most exclusive golf clubs and their residential desert communities. Particular emphasis in this work is given to the architectural design guidelines of these communities and how they frame the aesthetics of \u27landscapes of privilege\u27 while simultaneously delineating the limits of creativity in custom home building. Based on site documentation, architectural analysis, and interviews, this fieldwork documents the ways design regulations dictate how residents must behave according to, buy in, or challenge the notion of homogeneity within the communities. A deep dive into the elite country clubs of the desert and their larger service and support communities brought to surface the cultural ideal of the \u27good life\u27 that underpins our society. To be in the top one percent has not proven to be a qualifier for complete creative freedom in design for these communities. This begs the question of why is not all privilege the same when it comes to design? Why do landscapes of privilege both conform with and diverge from the norm? And further, who controls homogeneity and deviation in architecture and landscape design

From a literature review to a conceptual framework for health sector websites’ assessment

Health sector institutions’ websites need to act as effective web resources of information and interactive communication mediums to address the versatile demands of their multiple stakeholders. Academic and practitioner interest in health sector website assessment has considerably risen in recent years. This can be seen by the number of papers published in journals. The purpose of this paper is twofold to further establish the field. First, it offers a literature re-view on hospitals’ websites assessment. Second, it offers a conceptual framework to address the website assessment issue in health sector. The proposed assessment framework focuses on four main criteria: content, technology, services, and participation being evaluated by the use of several indicators. Academics, hospital practitioners, public officials and users will find the review and the framework useful, as they outline major lines of research in the field and a method to assess health institution websites.This paper is a result of the project “SmartEGOV: Harnessing EGOV for Smart Governance (Foundations, methods, Tools) / NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000037”, supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (EFDR).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Assessment of Liquefaction/Cyclic Failure Potential of Alluvial Deposits on the Eastern Coast of Cyprus

The main objective of this paper is to evaluate liquefaction potential and cyclic failure of subsoils of Tuzla area located on the eastern coast of Cyprus. The in-situ tests of cone penetration test (CPT) and standard penetration test (SPT) were used for site specific evaluation of liquefaction potential. Index properties and undrained shear strength (su) were used to assess cyclic failure potential of fine-grained soils. Liquefaction potential index (LPI) was evaluated based on the calculated factor of safeties for each CPT location. Sensitivity of soils was indirectly estimated from liquidity index (LI). The samples tested displayed high sensitivity values, indicating vulnerability to loss of strength and excess deformations during cyclic loading

L’espace public existait-il dans la ville ottomane ? Des espaces libres au domaine public à Istanbul (XVIIe-XIXe siècles)

L’espace public ottoman existe non au sens occidental du terme « place », mais en tant qu’espace de plaisance, libre d’accès. Les meydan d’Istanbul illustrent cette différence fondamentale : à l’origine, ce ne sont pas des enclos urbains, nettement délimités, mais des espaces libres laissés à l’état naturel. Ce n’est qu’à partir du XIXe siècle que ces espaces ont commencé à se transformer, pour actuellement subir, du fait du néo-libéralisme, une fragmentation préjudiciable.Ottoman public space does exist not as a square in a European way, but a free-access space for leisure. The meydan of Istanbul are a good example of this difference: originally free spaces that were left unconstructed, they were not urban enclosures clearly delimited. Only from 19th c., these spaces were transformed until today, when they are prejudicially fragmented because of neo-liberalism