Cultural translation : a value or a tool? Let’s start with Gramsci!

Ein Vordenker, der in der internationalen Diskussion um « cultural translation » so gut wie nie diskutiert wird, ist Antonio Gramsci. Der Philosoph aus Sardinien, von Kindes Tagen an in Zweisprachigkeit (Sardisch-Italienisch) geübt, hat ein feines Sensorium für kulturelle Differenzen ausgebildet. In seinen Gefängnisjahren übersetzt er – als intellektuelles Training – aus dem Russischen und dem Deutschen ins Italienische, und in den Gefängnisheften setzt er sich wiederholt mit dem Begriff der traducibilità (Übersetzbarkeit) auseinander: Übersetzbarkeit von Sprachen, aber auch von Kulturen. Der Artikel geht den Linien nach, die von Gramscis Überlegungen zu der aktuellen Diskussion gezogen werden können, und diskutiert am Ende vergleichend die Positionen Homi K. Bhabhas und Gayatri Spivaks

Sergio Atzeni : zur Poetik des Postkolonialen

Wenn es Aufgabe der Literaturwissenschaft ist zu erforschen, „in welchem Maße Literaturen an den Kämpfen um kulturelle Hegemonie beteiligt sind“ (Kirsch), so gilt das besonders für historische Romane, die nationale oder regionale Geschichte rekonstruieren. Solche Romane schreiben entweder die Opposition von Siegern und Besiegten fest oder stellen Geschichte als shared history der beteiligten Akteure dar. Auch innerhalb Europas gibt es Kultur- und Sprachräume, die die letzten Jahrhunderte im Status kolonialer Abhängigkeit verbracht haben und über diese langen Zeiträume hinweg kulturellen Hybridisierungsprozessen ausgesetzt waren. Eine solche Erfahrung hat die Mittelmeerinsel Sardinien zutiefst geprägt; Sardinien ist „eine der ältesten und dauerhaftesten Kolonien der Welt“ (Day). Die heutige sardische Literatur trägt daher alle Züge einer postkolonialen Literatur. Sie präsentiert sich als kulturelles und sprachliches patchwork, als individuelle und kollektive Suche nach dem, was sardische Identität nach dem Durchgang durch den Kolonisationsprozeß ist und sein kann, als Basteln einer imagined community im Zeitalter von Massentourismus und Globalisierung. Mit Sergio Atzeni ist ein Autor angesprochen, der es bis zu seinem frühen Tod im Jahr 1995 als seine Aufgabe angesehen hat, Sardiniens Geschichte(n) Schriftform zu geben

El telescopio y la escritura. Los instrumentos de Galileo y los medios de comunicación

Cet essai propose une recherche arquéologique dans l'histoire des medias: à partir de l'emploir que Galilée fait du téléscope (emploi instrumental/medial), le statut epistémologique de la connaissance médiatisée devient visible. Un regard sur ses textes fait comprendre le proces de trasformatio/traduction que souffre tout "contenu" qui passe des sciences exactes au discours littéraire/philosophique.This essay proposes an archieologic search in the history of the media through the use Galileo makes of the telescope (instrumental/medial use), which shows the epistemologic status of the mediatic knowledge. A review of the texts allows to understand the process of transformation/translation of any "content" which transforms exact sciencies into the literary/philosophic discourse.Publicad

Social acknowledgement as a predictor of post-traumatic stress and complicated grief after witnessing assisted suicide

Background: In Switzerland, right-to-die organizations such as Exit Deutsche Schweiz offer suicide assistance to their members. However, there is limited knowledge of the impact that witnessing assisted suicide has on the post- traumatic stress severity or the grief process of family members. Low perceived social acknowledgement may affect mental health. Methods: A cross- sectional survey of 85 family members who were present at an assisted suicide was conducted in December 2007. The Inventory of Complicated Grief and the Impact of Event Scale were used to assess symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complicated grief (CG) at 14 to 24 months post-loss. Further, the Social Acknowledgement Questionnaire was used to examine the impact that the social environment’s acknowledgement of the end-of-life decision had on respondents’ mental health. Results: As expected, social acknowledgement as a survivor was related to PTSD symptoms and CG. In particular, perceived general disapproval was strongly correlated with all outcome measures, whereas recognition was not significantly related to PTSD or CG (intrusion and avoidance). Conclusion: Family members of patients who use assisted suicide may hesitate to disclose the manner of death, and the community and societal environment may express strong views concerning the end-of-life decision. This can lead to increased levels of PTSD and CG

Feasibility and morbidity of combined hyperthermia and radiochemotherapy in recurrent rectal cancer - Preliminary results

Background: The local recurrence rate of colorectal cancer has been significantly reduced due to the use of combined radiochemotherapy. Despite this improvement regarding locally advanced tumour recurrences, the treatment strategy for pre-treated patients remains difficult and unresolved. Patients and Methods: We analysed treatment and follow-up data of 14 patients with local recurrence of rectal cancer who were treated with radiation therapy (RT), chemotherapy (CT) and regional hyperthermia (RHT) from November 1997 to December 2001. Nine of these patients had received irradiation and CT (=pre-treated patients) in the past. For this group, 30.6-39.6 Gy RT, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as a continuous infusion over 5 days per week (350 mg/m(2)/24 h) combined with RHT twice a week was given. The 5 remaining patients (=not pre-treated) received conformal irradiation of 45 Gy with a boost between 9 and 14.4 Gy, combined with continuous infusion of 5-FU on days 1-4, and 29-33 (500 mg/m(2)/24 h), and RHT twice a week. Response to therapy was evaluated by means of computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and by clinical follow-up. Results: Among 13 evaluated cases, the overall objective response rate was 54% (5 complete responses, 2 partial responses). At mean follow-up of 13.9 months (range 5-32 months) 7 patients were alive. Conclusion: The therapeutic regimen appears to be active in the treatment of local recurrences of rectal cancer. Larger-scaled studies are needed to evaluate the potency of hyperthermia in this therapeutic strategy

Homocysteine plasma levels in patients treated with antiepileptic drugs depend on folate and vitamin B12 serum levels, but not on genetic variants of homocysteine metabolism

Background: Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly used in the treatment of epilepsy, psychiatric diseases and pain disorders. Several of these drugs influence blood levels of folate and vitamin B12 and, consequently, homocysteine. This may be relevant for AED effects and side effects. However, not only folate and vitamin B12, but also genetic variants modify homocysteine metabolism. Here, we aimed to determine whether there is a pharmacogenetic interaction between folate, vitamin B12 and genetic variants and homocysteine plasma level in AED-treated patients. Methods: In this mono-center study, we measured homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 plasma levels in a population of 498 AED-treated adult patients with epilepsy. In addition, we analyzed the genotypes of seven common genetic variants of homocysteine metabolism: methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) c.677C>T and c.1298A>C, methionine synthase (MTR) c.2756A>G, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) c.594+59del19bp, cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) c.844_855ins68, transcobalamin 2 (TC2) c.776C>G and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) c.66G>A. Results: On multivariate logistic regression, folate and vitamin B12 levels, but none of the genetic variants, were predictive for homocysteine levels. Conclusions: These data suggest that, in AED-treated patients, folate and vitamin B12 play important roles in the development of hyperhomocysteinemia, whereas genetic variants of homocysteine metabolism do not and thus do not contribute to the risk of developing hyperhomocysteinemia during AED treatmen

Internet-based interventions for eating disorders in adults: a systematic review

BACKGROUND: This systematic review evaluates the efficacy of internet-based interventions for the treatment of different eating disorders in adults. METHOD: A search for peer reviewed journal articles detailing Randomised Control Trials (RCT) and Controlled Trials (CT) addressing participants with eating disorders aged at least 16 was completed in the electronic databases Web of Science, PsycInfo and PubMed. The quality of the included articles was assessed, results were reviewed and effect sizes and corresponding confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: Eight studies, including a total of N = 609 participants, fulfilled the selection criteria and were included. The majority of treatments applied in these studies were based on CBT principles. Six studies described guided self-help interventions that showed significant symptom reduction in terms of primary and secondary outcomes regarding eating behaviour and abstinence rates. These studies produced significant medium to high effect sizes both within and between the groups after utilisation of guided self-help programs or a self-help book backed up with supportive e-mails. The two remaining studies utilised a specific writing task or e-mail therapy that did not follow a structured treatment program. Here, no significant effects could be found. Treatment dropout rates ranged from 9% to 47.2%. Furthermore, reductions in other symptoms, for example depression and anxiety, and an increase in quality of life were found by four studies. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results support the value of internet-based interventions that use guided self-help to tackle eating disorders, but further research is needed due to the heterogeneity of the studies

Quality assessment of expert answers to lay questions about cystic fibrosis from various language zones in Europe: the ECORN-CF project

Background: The European Centres of Reference Network for Cystic Fibrosis (ECORN-CF) established an Internet forum which provides the opportunity for CF patients and other interested people to ask experts questions about CF in their mother language. The objectives of this study were to: 1. develop a detailed quality assessment tool to analyze quality of expert answers, 2. evaluate the intra- and inter-rater agreement of this tool, and 3. explore changes in the quality of expert answers over the time frame of the project. Methods: The quality assessment tool was developed by an expert panel. Five experts within the ECORN-CF project used the quality assessment tool to analyze the quality of 108 expert answers published on ECORN-CF from six language zones. 25 expert answers were scored at two time points, one year apart. Quality of answers was also assessed at an early and later period of the project. Individual rater scores and group mean scores were analyzed for each expert answer. Results: A scoring system and training manual were developed analyzing two quality categories of answers: content and formal quality. For content quality, the grades based on group mean scores for all raters showed substantial agreement between two time points, however this was not the case for the grades based on individual rater scores. For formal quality the grades based on group mean scores showed only slight agreement between two time points and there was also poor agreement between time points for the individual grades. The inter-rater agreement for content quality was fair (mean kappa value 0.232+/-0.036, p<0.001) while only slight agreement was observed for the grades of the formal quality (mean kappa value 0.105+/-0.024, p<0.001). The quality of expert answers was rated high (four language zones) or satisfactory (two language zones) and did not change over time. Conclusions: The quality assessment tool described in this study was feasible and reliable when content quality was assessed by a group of raters. Within ECORN-CF, the tool will help ensure that CF patients all over Europe have equal possibility of access to high quality expert advice on their illness