Fungal pathogens of Amphimallon solstitiale Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

European June beetle, Amphimallon solstitiale Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is one of the most important soilbome pests in many parts of Turkey and the world. Entomopathogenic fungi are important microbial control agents that can be used to control soilborne pests, and it is desirable to obtain them from local insect populations. The study was conducted at Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Microbiology Laboratory in 2017. In this study, fungal pathogens of A. solstitiale were investigated to find an effective microbial control agent. Fungi were isolated from infected larvae and morphological-molecular characterization of the isolates showed that all isolates were Metarhizium flavoviride Gams & Roszypal (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes). Using phylogenetic analysis and pathogenicity tests, the isolates were found to be different genotypes of M. flavoviride. All isolates gave more than 80% mortality at a concentration of 10(6) conidia/mI, with one isolate (As2) causing 96% mortality. Therefore, dose-mortality experiments were conducted with As2, and the median lethal concentration was determined to be 3.87 x 10(3) conidia/ml. This study demonstrated that M. flavoviride As2 is an effective microbial control agent that can be used for biological control of A. solstitiale.WOS:000555419900009Q

Bacillus cinsine ait farklı bakterilerin sekonder metabolitlerinin antimikrobiyal etkilerinin belirlenmesi

Secondary metabolites of bacteria can be used to control microorganisms. In this study, the antimicrobial activity properties of Bacillus isolates from Apis mellifera and Varroa destructor have been determined. The antimicrobial activities of Bacillus species against some bacteria and pathogenic yeast (Candida albicans) were investigated according to the disc diffusion method. As a result of the research, secondary metabolites of Bacillus isolates used in the study inhibited the development of the tested microorganisms at different rates (1.1-8.4 mm inhibition zone). Two isolates GAP2 (Bacillus subtilis) and GAP9 (Bacillus thuringiensis) showed high antibacterial activity. Most of the metabolites isolated from bacterial isolates were shown to be sensitive to Escherichia coli ATCC2471 and Serratia marcescens ATCC13880 (p<0.05). It was determined that the products obtained from GV6, GV7, GAP7, GAP8, GAP11, GAP13, and GAP15 isolates did not affect any of the bacteria used in the experiments (p<0.05). It is thought that Bacillus strains producing secondary metabolites, especially GAP2 and GAP9 isolates, may have the potential to be used in various applications for saprophytic and pathogenic microbes in medicine, veterinary medicine, agriculture, and the food industry.Bakteriyal sekonder metabolitler, mikroorganizmaları kontrol etmek için kullanılabilir. Bu çalışmada Apis mellifera ve Varroa destructor'dan elde edilmiş olan farklı Bacillus izolatlarının antimikrobiyal aktivite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bacillus türlerinin bazı bakteri ve patojen mayalara (Candida albicans) karşı antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri disk difüzyon yöntemine göre araştırıldı. Araştırma sonucunda çalışmada kullanılan Bacillus izolatlarının sekonder metabolitleri, test edilen mikroorganizmaların gelişimini farklı oranlarda (1,1-8,4 mm inhibisyon bölgesi) inhibe etmiştir. GAP2 (Bacillus subtilis) ve GAP9 (Bacillus thuringiensis) yüksek antibakteriyel aktivite göstermiştir. Bakteriyel izolatlardan izole edilen metabolitlerin çoğunun Escherichia coli ATCC2471 ve Serratia marcescens ATCC13880'e duyarlı olduğu görüldü (p<0,05). GV6, GV7, GAP7, GAP8, GAP11, GAP13 ve GAP15 izolatlarından elde edilen ürünlerin deneylerde kullanılan bakterilerin hiçbirine etkisinin olmadığı belirlendi (p<0,05). GAP2 ve GAP9 izolatları başta olmak üzere sekonder metabolit üreten Bacillus suşlarının tıp, veterinerlik, tarım ve gıda endüstrisinde saprofitik ve patojenik mikroorganizmalara yönelik çeşitli uygulamalarda kullanılma potansiyeline sahip olabileceği düşünülmektedi

Lithospheric structure of an incipient rift basin: Results from receiver function analysis of Bransfield Strait, NW Antarctic Peninsula

Bransfield Basin (BB), located northwest of the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) and southeast of the South Shetland Islands (SSI), is the most active section of the Antarctic continental margin. The region has long been (50 Ma) a convergent plate boundary where the Phoenix plate was subducting beneath the Antarctic Plate and is characterized by long-lived arc magmatism and accretion. However, the collision of the Antarctic-Phoenix spreading center with the subduction front near SSI (ca. 4 Ma) gave way to the opening of slab windows and dramatic decrease in the subduction rate of the Phoenix plate beneath AP and SSI. Consequently, the Phoenix slab began to rollback slowly along the South Shetland Trench (SST), giving way to slow extension in the back-arc region and rifting along the BB. Although there is consensus on the factors that control the current deformation and extension of the BB, the origin of the BB and the tectonic configuration of the basin are still unclear. Most of the controversy stems from uncertainties regarding the crustal thickness of the BB. Hence, we computed teleseismic receiver functions for 10 broadband stations in the region that belong to existing permanent and temporary deployments in order obtain robust constraints on the lithospheric structure and crustal thickness of the BB, as well as the AP and SSI. Our results indicate that the crust is thinning from 30 km to 26 km from the AP towards the South Shetland trench and Central BB showing the asymmetrical character of the rift basin. The crustal thickness and Vp/Vs variations are less pronounced along the AP but very significant across the SSB indicating the lithospheric scale segmentation of the South Shetland Block (SSB) and the incipient rift basin under the control of the opening of slab window and the roll-back of stalled Phoenix slab. High Vp/Vs ratios (∼1.9) beneath BB and SSI, agree well with the nascent rift character of BB, the presence of a steep Phoenix slab and consequently a wider mantle wedge characterized by the presence of underplating partial melts beneath SSI and BB

Post-Rift Magmatic Evolution of the Eastern North American “Passive-Aggressive” Margin

Understanding the evolution of passive margins requires knowledge of temporal and chemical constraints on magmatism following the transition from supercontinent to rifting, to post-rifting evolution. The Eastern North American Margin (ENAM) is an ideal study location as several magmatic pulses occurred in the 200 My following rifting. In particular, the Virginia-West Virginia region of the ENAM has experienced two postrift magmatic pulses at ∼152 Ma and 47 Ma, and thus provides a unique opportunity to study the long-term magmatic evolution of passive margins. Here we present a comprehensive set of geochemical data that includes new Ar/ Ar ages, major and trace-element compositions, and analysis of radiogenic isotopes to further constrain their magmatic history. The Late Jurassic volcanics are bimodal, from basanites to phonolites, while the Eocene volcanics range from picrobasalt to rhyolite. Modeling suggests that the felsic volcanics from both the Late Jurassic and Eocene events are consistent with fractional crystallization. Sr-Nd-Pb systematics for the Late Jurassic event suggests HIMU and EMII components in the magma source that we interpret as upper mantle components rather than crustal interaction. Lithospheric delamination is the best hypothesis for magmatism in Virginia/West Virginia, due to tectonic instabilities that are remnant from the long-term evolution of this margin, resulting in a “passive-aggressive” margin that records multiple magmatic events long after rifting ended

High-K volcanism in the Afyon region, western Turkey: from Si-oversaturated to Si-undersaturated volcanism

Volcanic rocks of the Afyon province (eastern part of western Anatolia) make up a multistage potassic and ultrapotassic alkaline series dated from 14 to 12 Ma. The early-stage Si-oversaturated volcanic rocks around the Afyon city and further southward are trachyandesitic volcanic activity (14.23 ± 0.09 Ma). Late-stage Si-undersaturated volcanism in the southernmost part of the Afyon volcanic province took place in three episodes inferred from their stratigraphic relationships and ages. Melilite– leucitites (11.50 ± 0.03 Ma), spotted rachyandesites, tephryphonolites and lamproites (11.91 ± 0.13 Ma) formed in the first episode; trachyandesites in the second episode and finally phonotephrites, phonolite, basaltic trachyandesites and nosean-bearing trachyandesites during the last episode. The parameter Q [normative q-(ne + lc + kls + ol)] of western Anatolia volcanism clearly decreased southward with time becoming zero in the time interval 10–15 Ma. The magmatism experienced a sudden change in the extent of Si saturation after 14 Ma, during late-stage volcanic activity of Afyon volcanic province at around 12 Ma, though there was some coexistence of Si-oversaturated and Si-undersaturated magmas during the whole life of Afyon volcanic province

3-D crustal structure along the North Anatolian Fault Zone in north-central Anatolia revealed by local earthquake tomography

3-D P-wave velocity structure and Vp/Vs variations in the crust along the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) in north-central Anatolia were investigated by the inversion of local P- and S-wave traveltimes, to gain a better understanding of the seismological characteristics of the region. The 3-D local earthquake tomography inversions included 5444 P- and 3200 S-wave readings obtained from 168 well-located earthquakes between 2006 January and 2008 May. Dense ray coverage yields good resolution, particularly in the central part of the study area. The 3-D Vp and Vp/Vs tomographic images reveal clear correlations with both the surface geology and significant tectonic units in the region. We observed the lower limit of the seismogenic zone for north-central Anatolia at 15 km depth. Final earthquake locations display a distributed pattern throughout the study area, with most of the earthquakes occurring on the major splays of the NAFZ, rather than its master strand. We identify three major high-velocity blocks in the mid-crust separated by the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture and interpret these blocks to be continental basement fragments that were accreted onto the margin following the closure of Neo-Tethyan Ocean. These basement blocks may have in part influenced the rupture propagations of the historical 1939, 1942 and 1943 earthquakes. In addition, large variations in the Vp/Vs ratio in the mid-crust were observed and have been correlated with the varying fluid contents of the existing lithologies and related tectonic structures

Structure of the crust and African slab beneath the central Anatolian plateau from receiver functions: New insights on isostatic compensation and slab dynamics

The central Anatolian plateau in Turkey is a region with a long history of subduction, continental collision, accretion of continental fragments, and slab tearing and/or breakoff and tectonic escape. Central Anatolia is currently characterized as a nascent plateau with widespread Neogene volcanism and predominantly transtensional deformation. To elucidate the present-day crustal and upper mantle structure of this region, teleseismic receiver functions were calculated from 500 seismic events recorded on 92 temporary and permanent broadband seismic stations. Overall, we see a good correlation between crustal thickness and elevation throughout central Anatolia, indicating that the crust may be well compensated throughout the region. We observe the thickest crust beneath the Taurus Mountains (>40 km); it thins rapidly to the south in the Adana Basin and Arabian plate and to the northwest across the Inner Tauride suture beneath the Tuz Gölü Basin and Kırşehir block. Within the Central Anatolian Volcanic Province, we observe several low seismic velocity layers ranging from 15 to 25 km depth that spatially correlate with the Neogene volcanism in the region, and may represent crustal magma reservoirs. Beneath the central Taurus Mountains, we observe a positive amplitude, subhorizontal receiver function arrival below the Anatolian continental Moho at ∼50–80 km that we interpret as the gently dipping Moho of the subducting African lithosphere abruptly ending near the northernmost extent of the central Taurus Mountains. We suggest that the uplift of the central Taurus Mountains (∼2 km since 8 Ma), which are capped by flat-lying carbonates of late Miocene marine units, can be explained by an isostatic uplift during the late Miocene–Pliocene followed by slab breakoff and subsequent rebound coeval with the onset of faster uplift rates during the late Pliocene–early Pleistocene. The Moho signature of the subducting African lithosphere terminates near the southernmost extent of the Central Anatolian Volcanic Province, where geochemical signatures in the Quaternary volcanics indicate that asthenospheric material is rising to shallow mantle depths

Lithologic Controls on Focused Erosion and Intraplate Earthquakes in the Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone

We present a new geomorphic model for the intraplate eastern Tennessee seismic zone (ETSZ). Previous studies document that the Upper Tennessee drainage basin is in a transient state of adjustment to ~150 m of base level fall that occurred in the Late Miocene. Using quantitative geomorphology, we demonstrate that base level fall resulted in the erosion of ~3,500 km3 of highly erodibility rock in an ~70 km wide by ~350‐km‐long corridor in the Paleozoic fold‐thrust belt above the ETSZ. Models of modern incision rates show a NE‐SW trending swath of elevated erosion ~30 km southeast of the center of the ETSZ. Stress modeling shows that lithologically focused erosion has affected fault clamping stress on preexisting, favorably oriented faults. We argue that the lithologically controlled transient erosional response to base level fall in the Upper Tennessee basin has given rise to and is sustaining earthquake activity in the ETSZ

How does management affect soil C sequestration and greenhouse gas fluxes in boreal and temperate forests? : A review

Acknowledgements This review has been supported by the grant Holistic management practices, modelling and monitoring for European forest soils – HoliSoils (EU Horizon 2020 Grant Agreement No 101000289) and the Academy of Finland Fellow project (330136, B. Adamczyk). In addition to the HoliSoils consortium partners, Dr. Abramoff contributed on this study and her work was supported by the United States Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research. Oak Ridge National Laboratory is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the United States Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725.Peer reviewedPublisher PD