Understanding Nuclei in the upper sd - shell

Nuclei in the upper-$sd$ shell usually exhibit characteristics of spherical single particle excitations. In the recent years, employment of sophisticated techniques of gamma spectroscopy has led to observation of high spin states of several nuclei near A$\simeq$ 40. In a few of them multiparticle, multihole rotational states coexist with states of single particle nature. We have studied a few nuclei in this mass region experimentally, using various campaigns of the Indian National Gamma Array setup. We have compared and combined our empirical observations with the large-scale shell model results to interpret the structure of these nuclei. Indication of population of states of large deformation has been found in our data. This gives us an opportunity to investigate the interplay of single particle and collective degrees of freedom in this mass region.Comment: 8 pages, 13 figures, submitted for publication in the Proceedings of "Frontiers in Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy 2012 (FIG12), held at New Delhi, March 5th - 7th, 2012, Organized by Inter University Accelerator Center, New Delhi, Indi

A study of density modulation index in the inner heliospheric solar wind during solar cycle 23

The ratio of the rms electron density fluctuations to the background density in the solar wind (density modulation index, $\epsilon_{N} \equiv \Delta{N}/N$) is of vital importance in understanding several problems in heliospheric physics related to solar wind turbulence. In this paper, we have investigated the behavior of $\epsilon_{N}$ in the inner-heliosphere from 0.26 to 0.82 AU. The density fluctuations $\Delta{N}$ have been deduced using extensive ground-based observations of interplanetary scintillation (IPS) at 327 MHz, which probe spatial scales of a few hundred km. The background densities ($N$) have been derived using near-Earth observations from the Advanced Composition Explorer ($\it{ACE}$). Our analysis reveals that $0.001 \lesssim \epsilon_{N} \lesssim 0.02$ and does not vary appreciably with heliocentric distance. We also find that $\epsilon_{N}$ declines by 8% from 1998 to 2008. We discuss the impact of these findings on problems ranging from our understanding of Forbush decreases to the behavior of the solar wind dynamic pressure over the recent peculiar solar minimum at the end of cycle 23..Comment: 13 Pages, 8 Figures, Accepted for publication in Ap

Role of Algae in Discharge from Malanjkhand Copper Mine

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a potentially severe pollution hazard caused by mining activities and can contaminate surrounding soil, ground and surface water. The AMD effluents contain high concentration of heavy metals which are toxic to aquatic organisms. Various species of algae are the natural residents of AMD and are capable of accumulating and thereby help in removing the metal contents in the AMD affected water bodies. This study aimed at finding the metal contents in discharge from MalanjkhandCopper deposit, located in north east of Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh and to determine the efficiency of algae present in the same discharge with reference to heavy metal accumulation in their biomass. Water and algae samples were collected from the waste rock leachate near the Malanjkhand copper deposit.And were analyzed for iron, copper, zinc, nickel, lead, calcium and magnesium by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The algae samples were found to have significantly higher amount of copper, iron, nickel and zinc as compared to the water samples which indicated the accumulation of metals in algae

Automatic power factor correction by microcontroller 8051

In the present technological revolution power is very precious. So we need to find out the causes of power loss and improve the power system. Due to industrialization the use of inductive load increases and hence power system losses its efficiency. So we need to improve the power factor with a suitable method. . When ever we are thinking about any programmable devices then the embedded technology comes into fore front. The embedded is now a day very much popular and most the product are developed with Microcontroller based embedded technology.Automatic power factor correction device reads power factor from line voltage and line current by determining the delay in the arrival of the current signal with respect to voltage signal from the function generator with high accuracy by using an internal timer. This time values are then calibrated as phase angle and corresponding power factor. Then the values are displayed in the 2X16 LCD modules. Then the motherboard calculates the compensation requirement and accordingly switches on different capacitor banks. This is developed by using 8051 microcontroller.Automatic power factor correction techniques can be applied to the industries, power systems and also house holds to make them stable and due to that the system becomes stable and efficiency of the system as well as the apparatus increases. The use of microcontroller reduces the costs