Ley 1330 de 2009, eficacia en la terminación anticipada de procesos de extinción. Modificación

El presente trabajo evaluará si la Ley 1330 de 2009 ha sido una herramienta útil y eficaz para la toma de decisiones anticipadas, si ha cumplido con los fines de celeridad y economía procesal en los trámites que cursan actualmente. Se estableció que ningún acuerdo se ha celebrado con la Fiscalía y en consecuencia, no se han proferido por parte de los Jueces sentencias anticipadas que pongan fin a estos trámites con fundamento en la ley estudiada, concluyéndose que ha sido inoperante y en muy pocas ocasiones invocada su aplicación, haciéndose necesaria una revisión de la misma, para establecer la causa y sugerir modificaciones.This research evaluated whether the Law 1330 of 2009 has been a useful and efficient tool for providing swift decisions and if it met the goal of accelerating and economizing these processes. It was established that no agreements were reached with the Fiscalía. Consequently, the trial judges were not able to provide plea bargains to close the cases based on this law. Concluding that this law is not been operated, and not often applied, necessitating a review of the same, to establish the cause and suggest modifications

Ley 1330 de 2009, eficacia en la terminación anticipada de procesos de extinción. Modificación

El presente trabajo evaluará si la Ley 1330 de 2009 ha sido una herramienta útil y eficaz para la toma de decisiones anticipadas, si ha cumplido con los fines de celeridad y economía procesal en los trámites que cursan actualmente. Se estableció que ningún acuerdo se ha celebrado con la Fiscalía y en consecuencia, no se han proferido por parte de los Jueces sentencias anticipadas que pongan fin a estos trámites con fundamento en la ley estudiada, concluyéndose que ha sido inoperante y en muy pocas ocasiones invocada su aplicación, haciéndose necesaria una revisión de la misma, para establecer la causa y sugerir modificaciones.This research evaluated whether the Law 1330 of 2009 has been a useful and efficient tool for providing swift decisions and if it met the goal of accelerating and economizing these processes. It was established that no agreements were reached with the Fiscalía. Consequently, the trial judges were not able to provide plea bargains to close the cases based on this law. Concluding that this law is not been operated, and not often applied, necessitating a review of the same, to establish the cause and suggest modifications

Serpentinites and serpentinites within a fossil subduction channel : La Corea mélange, eastern Cuba

A variety of metaultramafic (serpentinite) rocks in La Corea mélange, Sierra de Cristal, eastern Cuba, show differences in chemical, textural and mineralogical characteristics demonstrating a variety of protoliths. The mélange originated during the Cretaceous as part of the subduction channel associated with the Caribbean island arc. This mélange contains high pressure blocks in a serpentinite matrix and occurs at the base of the large tabular Mayarí-Cristal ophiolite. Two principal groups of serpentinites have been identified in the mélange: a) antigorite serpentinite, mainly composed of antigorite and b) antigorite-lizardite serpentinite, composed of mixtures of antigorite and lizardite and bearing distinctive porphyroblasts of diopsidic clinopyroxene. Antigorite serpentinites are closely related to tectonic blocks of amphibolite (representing subducted MORB) and constitute deep fragments of the serpentinitic subduction channel formed during hydration of the mantle wedge. The composition of the antigorite-lizardite serpentinites and the presence of clinopyroxene porphyroblasts in this type of rock suggest that abyssal lherzolite protoliths transformed into serpentinite before and during incorporation (as tectonic blocks) in the shallow part of the subduction channel. Although the studied rocks have different origin, mineralogical compositions and textures, they display similar PGE compositions, suggesting that these elements experienced no significant redistribution during metamorphism. Both types of serpentinites were exposed together in the La Corea mélange during the Late Cretaceous, during obduction of the overriding Mayarí-Baracoa ophiolitic belt that led to exhumation of the subduction channel (mélange)

First breeding record of kelp gull (<i>Larus dominicanus</i>) in samborombón bay, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina

Se describe una nueva colonia de Gaviota Cocinera (<i>Larus dominicanus</i>), la más septentrional de la costa atlántica argentina, ubicada en las cercanías de la Reserva Natural Punta Rasa, Bahía Samborombón. La colonia fue encontrada en una de las islas de la Ría San Clemente, cerca del puerto de pesca de San Clemente del Tuyú. La primera visita a la colonia se realizó durante la etapa de cortejo y formación de nidos el 3 de septiembre de 2005. Se realizó una segunda visita a la colonia durante el periodo de puesta de huevos del 24 al 26 de septiembre de 2005. Fueron hallados un total de 54 nidos, 50 de ellos ubicados sobre jume, 2 sobre cortadera y 2 sobre el barro, en un área de cuevas de cangrejo cavador. El 15 de diciembre de 2005 fueron cuantificados 64 pichones en los 54 nidos. Aunque la reproducción en este sitio no había sido descripta, los pescadores recuerdan la existencia de la colonia desde hace al menos 20 años. Su cercanía con el puerto de San Clemente sugiere que la presencia humana puede ser frecuente y que podría ocurrir ocasionalmente la recolección de huevos.We describe a new Kelp Gull (<i>Larus dominicanus</i>) colony, the most northern one along the Argentine Atlantic coast, located near Punta Rasa Reserve, Samborombón Bay. The colony was found on one of several island of the San Clemente’s tidal creek located near San Clemente del Tuyú Harbour. The first visit to the colony was made during courtship and nest formation in 3 September 2005. The second visit was made during the egg laying period between 24–26 September 2005. A total of 54 nests were found, 50 of them upon pickle weed, 2 upon dense-flowered pampas grass and 2 in the mud near a burrowing crab area. On 15 December 2005 we counted a total of 64 chicks in 54 nests. Although this is the first record of Kelp Gull reproduction in the area, local fishermen recall this colony being there since at least 20 years ago. Its location near San Clemente harbour suggests that human presence may be frequent and that egg collection could occur frequently

Determination of Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) in General Radiographyin Latin America

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) through the International Action Plan on Radiation Protection of Patients and the International Commission on Radiological Protection have for some time carried out important efforts to assure that in the medical applications of the ionising radiations, the optimisation of radiological protection of patients is fundamental, to such a point that the IAEA includes it directly as a requirement for these practices (in its International Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionising Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources (BSS)-GSR Part 1, 2011). For this reason, among the objectives of Regional Project RLA/9/057 and Regional Project RLA/9/067, the intention was to establish the dose references in conventional radiology for Latin America, for the purposes of determining whether these doses comply with the requirements of the BSS and to tend to improve practices, in order to minimise the dose received by the patients.Fil: Blanco, Susana Alicia Ana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Belgrano. Facultad de Ingenieria; ArgentinaFil: Mora, Patricia. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Atómicas, Nucleares y Moleculares; Costa RicaFil: Almonte, Narkiss. Comisión Nacional de Energía. Dirección Nuclear; República DominicanaFil: Benavente, Tony. Instituto Peruano de Energía Nuclear; PerúFil: Benson, Nadja. Ministerio de Salud. Dirección General de Salud; Reino UnidoFil: Blanco, Daniel. Universidad de la República. Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares; UruguayFil: Cárdenas, Juan. Centro de Protección e Higiene de las Radiaciones; CubaFil: Defaz Gómez, Yolanda. Hospital Oncológico SOLCA Nucleo de Quito; EcuadorFil: Edding, Oscar. Instituto de Salud Pública; ChileFil: Escobar, Carolina. Ministerio de Salud Pública y Acción Social. Unidad Reguladora de Radiaciones Ionizantes; El SalvadorFil: Fonseca, María. Hospital Nacional Roosevelt; GuatemalaFil: Gamarra, Mirta. Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social; ParaguayFil: García Aguilar, Juan. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares; MéxicoFil: Khoury, Helen Jamil. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; BrasilFil: Quintero, Ana Rosa. Hospital Oncológico "Dr Luis Razetti"; VenezuelaFil: Roas Zuniga, Norma. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua; NicaraguaFil: Zaire, Edgar. Instituto Boliviano de Ciencia y Tecnología Nuclear; BoliviaFil: Nader, Alejandro. International Atomic Energy Agency; Austri

Identification and Characterization of Killer Yeasts

Motivation: Killer factor is a virus like particle infecting Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two lineal doubled stranded RNA episomes are necessary to maintain the killer phenotype, a defective M molecule encoding the killer toxin, and an L molecule encoding the capsid protein and polymerase essential for the maintenance of the M molecule. The killer factor is lethal to sensitive cells of the same or related yeast species, helping the producer strain to prevail in the yeast population. Studies have shown that killer yeasts are common and play an active role during grape must fermentation(1). Killer phenotype analysis is, therefore, essential to understand yeast population dynamics in wine production. So far, four killer viruses have been discovered (K1, K2, K28 and Klus), each one with a completely different toxin. In this context, an efficient and fast test to detect and classify killer yeasts is necessary. In this study, we are designing a PCR based protocol to detect killer yeasts and distinguish between K1, K2, K28 and Klus. We are using this test to study the presence and abundance of killer phenotype in flor yeasts, which grow when the fermentation is saturated. Methods: We have designed a 3 pairs of primers to detect M1, M2 and Mlus, and 3 pairs of primers to detect L molecules (L1, L2 and Llus) upon retrotranscription of a nucleic acid preparation. These primers allow performing multiplex analysis. We use the traditional spot test method to confirm the results we obtain with RT-PCR test. Results: Results prove that our test can distinguish successfully between K1, K2 and Klus. Moreover, the test can identify mixtures of killer yeasts in the same sample and allow us to check what kind of L molecule is associated with each M molecule. All results obtained have been confirmed successfully with the traditional spot test. Regarding flor yeasts, we have found that there is not a single killer yeast in 30 strains studied representing mayor flor yeast types present in Jerez and Montilla wine region. 24 strains are sensitive to K1 and K2, 7 are resistant to K2 and sensitive to K1 and 2 are resistant to both toxins. Conclusions: We confirm that the RT-PCR test designed can identify and distinguish killer yeasts and mixed killer populations. The fact we are not able to find a killer yeast in a varied population of flor yeast may indicate that flor yeasts do not need killer factor to prevail or flor yeast genetic background is incompatible with killer factor

ALCANCE Y CONTENIDO ESENCIAL DE LOS DERECHOS CULTURALES: LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS CULTURALES Y SU INTERDEPENDENCIA.

ALCANCE Y CONTENIDO ESENCIAL DE LOS DERECHOS CULTURALES.LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS CULTURALES Y SU INTERDEPENDENCIA

Sistematización de Experiencias en la Integración de Aulas Virtuales para la Educación Universitaria a Distancia en el Estado Táchira

Las innovaciones tecnológicas en la actualidad marcan el ritmo vertiginoso de los cambios que se observan en la sociedad. En la docencia universitaria a distancia, se utilizan las aulas virtuales como medios instruccionales de enseñanza. En consecuencia, la presente investigación tiene como finalidad sistematizar las experiencias en la integración de aulas virtuales para la educación universitaria a distancia en el estado Táchira. La investigación se basó en un enfoque cualitativo, de tipo descriptivo y de campo, bajo la modalidad de proyecto Factible, cumpliendo tres (3) Fases: diagnóstico, factibilidad (social, técnica, económica) y diseño. Para la recolección de los datos se utilizó la técnica de la entrevista, como instrumento un guión de entrevista con preguntas abiertas. Los informantes claves fueron seleccionados de acuerdo con las funciones docentes que desempeñan en la Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador Instituto de Mejoramiento Profesional del Magisterio Núcleo Académico Táchira (UPEL-IMPM); la Universidad Nacional Experimental del Táchira Carreras Técnicas Semipresenciales (UNET-CTS) y la Universidad Nacional Abierta (UNA). Posteriormente, se analizaron cualitativamente los datos recolectados para su interpretación; y con base en el diagnóstico se determinó la factibilidad del diseño de la propuesta que se elaboró para dar cumplimiento al objetivo general del trabajo

Incidencia de cáncer de colon y recto en Bucaramanga, Colombia 2008 - 2012

Introduction. Cancer is the second cause of death in the world, with colorectal cancer being the fourth most frequent neoplasia. Due to a progressive increase, it is important to know the impact of this neoplasia in the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga. The objective is to describe the incidence and sociodemographic characteristics of colorectal cancer in the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga during 2008 - 2012. Methodology. A cross-sectional descriptive population study based on incident cases of colorectal cancer from the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga was conducted. The information of new cases that occurred during 2008 - 2012 was obtained from the Population Registry of Cancer. The inclusion criteria were: patients with primary and infiltrating lesions of the colon and rectum, with no age or sex limit. Cases that corresponded to relapse, recurrence or metastasis, and whose morphology included the type of lymphoma were excluded. Subsequently, the crude and standardized rates for age and sex were calculated using the CanReg5 program. Results. 805 new cases of colorectal cancer were obtained, with an incidence of 14.3 cases in men and 13.5 cases in women per 100,000 inhabitants; the average age of diagnosis was 64 years for both sexes. Conclusions. The incidence of colorectal cancer has increased compared to previous five-year periods in the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga, affecting older adult male population to a greater extent, becoming a public health challenge, which requires more prevention measures and studies of this pathology.Introducción. El cáncer es la segunda causa de muerte en el mundo, el cáncer colorrectal la cuarta neoplasia más frecuente. Debido al aumento progresivo, se hace importante conocer el impacto de esta neoplasia en el área metropolitana de Bucaramanga. El objetivo es describir la incidencia y características sociodemográfica del cáncer colorrectal en el Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga durante el 2008 - 2012. Metodología. Se realizó un estudio poblacional descriptivo transversal basado en casos incidentes de cáncer colorrectal del Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga. La información de nuevos casos ocurridos durante 2008 - 2012 se obtuvo del Registro Poblacional de cáncer. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: pacientes con lesión primaria e infiltrante de colon y recto, sin límite de edad o sexo. Se excluyeron los casos que correspondían a recaída, recidiva o metástasis, cuya morfología comprendiera el tipo linfoma. Posteriormente se calcularon las tasas crudas y estandarizadas por edad y sexo mediante el programa CanReg5. Resultados. Se obtuvieron 805 casos nuevos de cáncer colorrectal, con una incidencia de 14.3 casos en hombres y 13.5 casos en mujeres por 100,000 habitantes; la edad promedio de diagnóstico fue de 64 años para ambos sexos. Conclusiones. La incidencia de cáncer colorrectal ha ido en aumento con respecto a quinquenios anteriores en el Área metropolitana de Bucaramanga, afectando en mayor proporción a la población adulta mayor masculina y convirtiéndose en un reto de salud pública que demanda mayores medidas de prevención y estudios de esta patología

Analysis of biological aging yeast in Andalusian wines with competitivity molecular markers.

Biologically aged sherry and sherry-like wines (namely fino and manzanilla wines) age by an aerobic process which depends on the oxidative activity of flor strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Upon depletion of fermentable carbon or nitrogen sources these yeasts aggregate, creating a floating biofilm on the wine surface which is known as flor or veil. Wineries that produce this type of wine are very interested in the preservation of a distinctive aroma and flavor of their own wines. Choosing the right flor yeast to colonize their casks could result in a better control of wine properties. Moreover, the veil needs to be formed as fast as possible each time wine is removed or added to the cask, to avoid wine oxidation. Because of that, the implantation of a desired yeast strain in the shortest period of time would be very convenient. In our study we are analyzing the microbial population of flor yeasts present in 5 different wines from a winery at PDO Jerez-Xeres-Sherry. Our main goal will be to identify yeasts providing specific characteristics to the aging wine. In addition, we want to study the best way of preadapting or conditioning these strains, so they can form the biofilm over the wine faster than using conventional methods, avoiding oxidation and creating a controlled microbial environment to get a wine with consistent, desired properties. On this poster we present our results on the diversity found in wine flor biofilm from this winery using nuclear microsatellite markers and mitochondrial RFLP. We also present results on the influence of the preadapting culture pH and of inoculum size in the rate of biofilm formation. Further experiments will be made to determine the best way to incorporate the yeast into the wine (such as lyophilized, dehydrated or compressed) and to make them more competitiv