Vincent de Paul and the Episcopate of France

Vincent de Paul served on the Council of Conscience for ten years at the behest of Anne of Austria, queen regent of France. This council was concerned with, but not limited to, the appointment of bishops. Biographies have portrayed Vincent as the prime motivator behind the appointment of virtuous bishops in an otherwise corrupt French church. The reality is more complicated. Although bishops were civil servants of the king, and there were abuses under this system, Rome had more control over the approval of candidates than is generally thought. While Vincent was powerful, he was only one member of the council. He did not deal with all council matters and certainly not with all promotions. Final decisions rested with the queen. However, Vincent did influence the appointments of some bishops, such as Francois Etienne Caulet and Nicolas Sevin. Other members of the Tuesday Conferences became bishops, but Vincent’s role in their elevation is less clear. Other issues that came before the Council of Conscience are discussed

Entrevista com Eric Nepomuceno

Eric Nepomuceno is a journalist, writer and translator. Born in 1948, he started working as a journalist in the mid-1960s. From 1969 to 1976 he worked at Jornal da tarde, in São Paulo, where he was sent as a correspondent to several Latin American countries. Nepomuceno is internationally recognized for having translated into Portuguese several giants of Hispanic-American literature, such as Gabriel García Marquez, Eduardo Galeano, Juan Rulfo, Julio Cortázar, among others.Eric Nepomuceno é jornalista, escritor e tradutor. Nascido em 1948, começou a trabalhar como jornalista em meados da década de 1960. De 1969 a 1976 trabalhou no Jornal da tarde, de São Paulo, onde foi enviado como correspondente a diversos países da América Latina. Nepomuceno é reconhecido internacionalmente por ter traduzido para o português diversos gigantes da literatura hispânico-americana, como Gabriel García Marquez, Eduardo Galeano, Juan Rulfo, Julio Cortázar, entre outros.

A convolutional model for estimating the junction temperatures of SiC MOSFET transistors

The junction temperature is a very important parameter for monitoring power electronics converters based on MOSFET transistors. They offer the possibility of switching at relatively higher frequencies than other transistors like IGTBTs. However, the electrical parameters of MOSFETs are highly thermally dependent. The thermo-dependence of MOSFET electrical parameters is rarely taken into consideration when implementing control strategies, for many technological reasons, such as the difficulty of measuring the junction temperature. In practice, the junction temperature of transistors is inaccessible for direct measurement. The presence of a gel covering the chips, that provides electrical and thermal insulation, makes measurement by infrared thermography impossible. Furthermore, direct thermocouple measurement cannot be implemented due to the electromagnetic disturbances in the environment. Several researchers have attempted to correlate chip temperature with thermosensitive electrical parameters. In the present work, a thermal convolutive model has been developed to estimate the junction temperatures of two MOSFET transistors belonging to the same electronic circuit from external temperature measurements in two well-chosen locations (far away enough from the junction to avoid electromagnetic interference), using also the measured power dissipated on each chip. The thermal coupling between the two transistors has been considered in the form of mutual transmittances. The model was first calibrated using three-dimensional numerical simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics, followed by an experimental study. The results are very promising, illustrating the robustness of the convolutional model

Implementación de estrategia para manejo de excepciones basada en componentes: las fachadas de seguridad

Los mecanismos de manejo de excepciones fueron concebidos como un marco de trabajo para implementar tolerancia a fallos en sistemas de software. Más de dos tercios del código de una aplicación, está dedicado a la detección y manejo de errores y excepciones. A menudo, los mecanismos de manejo de excepciones, son mal empleados o se abusa de ellos; el diseño de una estrategia efectiva se considera una tarea difícil puesto que: aumenta considerablemente la complejidad de los sistemas, plantea conflictos con algunos de los principios del diseño orientado a objetos, no existen pautas eficientes, entre otras causas. Por tanto, el manejo de errores y excepciones, es uno de los temas más importantes de la arquitectura del software y, uno de los aspectos más cruciales pero menos tenido en cuenta, en el análisis y diseño de sistemas críticos. Aplicando el concepto de proxies dinámicos, se investigan los detalles de implementación de una simple aunque interesante, estrategia basada en componentes para el manejo de excepciones, disponible en la literatura: las fachadas de seguridad; cuya descripción original carece de información pormenorizada. Las fachadas de seguridad constituyen un nuevo enfoque, que introduce una arquitectura y directrices, estableciendo un framework para el manejo de excepcionesException handling mechanisms were conceived as a means for incorporating fault tolerance into software systems. More than two thirds of the application’s code is dedicated to detecting and handling errors and exceptions. These exception handling systems are often misuse and (or) abused. The design of exception handling in an application is seen as a difficult task because: introduce significant complexity, may conflict with many of the goals of object oriented design, suffers from lack of guidelines, among other things. For these reasons the handling of exceptions and errors is one of the major subject of the software architecture and one of the most critical, but overlooked aspect of critical system design and analysis. I will apply the concept of dynamic proxy to implement a simple but interesting exception handling design approach called safety facades, available in the software architecture literature. The article describing security façades is light on details. The security façade form a new approach that introduce and architecture and best practices to build a viable framework for systems with exception handling.Workshop de Ingeniería de Software y Bases de Datos (WISBD)Red de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

Circulating adrenomedullin estimates survival and reversibility of organ failure in sepsis: the prospective observational multinational Adrenomedullin and Outcome in Sepsis and Septic Shock-1 (AdrenOSS-1) study

Background: Adrenomedullin (ADM) regulates vascular tone and endothelial permeability during sepsis. Levels of circulating biologically active ADM (bio-ADM) show an inverse relationship with blood pressure and a direct relationship with vasopressor requirement. In the present prospective observational multinational Adrenomedullin and Outcome in Sepsis and Septic Shock 1 (, AdrenOSS-1) study, we assessed relationships between circulating bio-ADM during the initial intensive care unit (ICU) stay and short-term outcome in order to eventually design a biomarker-guided randomized controlled trial. Methods: AdrenOSS-1 was a prospective observational multinational study. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. Secondary outcomes included organ failure as defined by Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, organ support with focus on vasopressor/inotropic use, and need for renal replacement therapy. AdrenOSS-1 included 583 patients admitted to the ICU with sepsis or septic shock. Results: Circulating bio-ADM levels were measured upon admission and at day 2. Median bio-ADM concentration upon admission was 80.5 pg/ml [IQR 41.5-148.1 pg/ml]. Initial SOFA score was 7 [IQR 5-10], and 28-day mortality was 22%. We found marked associations between bio-ADM upon admission and 28-day mortality (unadjusted standardized HR 2.3 [CI 1.9-2.9]; adjusted HR 1.6 [CI 1.1-2.5]) and between bio-ADM levels and SOFA score (p < 0.0001). Need of vasopressor/inotrope, renal replacement therapy, and positive fluid balance were more prevalent in patients with a bio-ADM > 70 pg/ml upon admission than in those with bio-ADM ≤ 70 pg/ml. In patients with bio-ADM > 70 pg/ml upon admission, decrease in bio-ADM below 70 pg/ml at day 2 was associated with recovery of organ function at day 7 and better 28-day outcome (9.5% mortality). By contrast, persistently elevated bio-ADM at day 2 was associated with prolonged organ dysfunction and high 28-day mortality (38.1% mortality, HR 4.9, 95% CI 2.5-9.8). Conclusions: AdrenOSS-1 shows that early levels and rapid changes in bio-ADM estimate short-term outcome in sepsis and septic shock. These data are the backbone of the design of the biomarker-guided AdrenOSS-2 trial. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02393781. Registered on March 19, 2015

Implementación de estrategia para manejo de excepciones basada en componentes: las fachadas de seguridad

Los mecanismos de manejo de excepciones fueron concebidos como un marco de trabajo para implementar tolerancia a fallos en sistemas de software. Más de dos tercios del código de una aplicación, está dedicado a la detección y manejo de errores y excepciones. A menudo, los mecanismos de manejo de excepciones, son mal empleados o se abusa de ellos; el diseño de una estrategia efectiva se considera una tarea difícil puesto que: aumenta considerablemente la complejidad de los sistemas, plantea conflictos con algunos de los principios del diseño orientado a objetos, no existen pautas eficientes, entre otras causas. Por tanto, el manejo de errores y excepciones, es uno de los temas más importantes de la arquitectura del software y, uno de los aspectos más cruciales pero menos tenido en cuenta, en el análisis y diseño de sistemas críticos. Aplicando el concepto de proxies dinámicos, se investigan los detalles de implementación de una simple aunque interesante, estrategia basada en componentes para el manejo de excepciones, disponible en la literatura: las fachadas de seguridad; cuya descripción original carece de información pormenorizada. Las fachadas de seguridad constituyen un nuevo enfoque, que introduce una arquitectura y directrices, estableciendo un framework para el manejo de excepcionesException handling mechanisms were conceived as a means for incorporating fault tolerance into software systems. More than two thirds of the application’s code is dedicated to detecting and handling errors and exceptions. These exception handling systems are often misuse and (or) abused. The design of exception handling in an application is seen as a difficult task because: introduce significant complexity, may conflict with many of the goals of object oriented design, suffers from lack of guidelines, among other things. For these reasons the handling of exceptions and errors is one of the major subject of the software architecture and one of the most critical, but overlooked aspect of critical system design and analysis. I will apply the concept of dynamic proxy to implement a simple but interesting exception handling design approach called safety facades, available in the software architecture literature. The article describing security façades is light on details. The security façade form a new approach that introduce and architecture and best practices to build a viable framework for systems with exception handling.Workshop de Ingeniería de Software y Bases de Datos (WISBD)Red de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

La médiation présencielle dans un musée des sciences

Pour compléter la visite d’exposition, la majorité des musées des sciences propose à leurs visiteurs, des activités dites « culturelles » : animations, activités face-publics, actions éducatives, produits de médiation... Derrière ces diverses dénominations se cachent dans les faits des activités qui s’organisent selon des formats types. Les auteurs proposent une réflexion sur la place de la médiation dite présencielle, analysant la spécificité et la plus value de cette offre destinée au public

Les aide-mémoires, des outils cognitifs pour l’enseignement : un essai de typologie

Le but de cet article est de repérer les types et les fonctions des aide-mémoire (AM) que l’on trouve dans les classes d’enseignants d’école primaire et d’en proposer une première typologie. Nous décrivons tout d’abord l’enseignement comme la supervision et le contrôle d’un environnement dynamique, ce qui nous amènera ensuite à montrer en quoi les AM peuvent faciliter ces activités. Dans une troisième partie, nous détaillons une observation sur la présence et l’usage d’AM auprès de six enseignants expérimentés d’école élémentaire (cycle 3), suivie d’un entretien visant à les faire s’exprimer sur la manière dont ils produisent et utilisent des aide-mémoire dans leur pratique quotidienne. Trois fonctions principales sont mises au jour et discutées : l’aide-mémoire comme outil d’aide à l’action, comme instrument d’aide à la perception de l’environnement, et enfin comme objet intermédiaire. Des principes d’action sous-tendant cette utilisation sont énoncés.The purpose of this paper is to categorize by type and function the various check-lists that can be observed in primary school classrooms. We first propose to consider teaching as the twofold activity of supervising and controlling a dynamic environment, the classroom, and then to show how check-lists can be used to help this activity. Third, we describe a study in which all the check-lists of six primary school experimented teachers are collected and their actual use observed. Open-ended interviews are also performed in order to elicit the way teachers design, produce and use check-lists in their daily practice. Three main functions are pointed out and discussed: the check-list as an action tool, as an instrument to help teachers perceive their surrounding environment, and as an intermediary object. Finally, we detail some action principles underlying these different uses that are likely to be used by teachers.El objetivo de este artículo es identificar los tipos y las funciones de los cuadernos de notas presentes en las aulas de los profesores de primaria, y proponer una tipología inicial de los mismos. Para empezar, describimos la enseñanza como la supervisión y el control de un entorno dinámico, lo que después nos permitirá mostrar de qué forma los cuadernos de notas (CN) pueden facilitar estas actividades. A continuación, explicamos detalladamente una observación de la presencia y el uso de CN por seis profesores de escuela primaria experimentados (ciclo 3), y continuamos con una entrevista en la que se expresan sobre su manera de producir y usar CN en su práctica cotidiana. Se destacarán y comentarán tres funciones principales: el CN como herramienta auxiliar de acción, como instrumento de ayuda a la percepción del entorno y, por último, como objeto intermedio. Enunciamos principios de acción que sustentan esta utilización.

SOA en automatización de pymes manufactureras

En la actualidad los sistemas productivos de una Pyme manufacturera no están listos para las arquitecturas orientadas a servicios (SOA) y, como consecuencia, el proceso de migración hacia la automatización basada en SOA debe realizarse paso a paso organizando la coexistencia de nuevas tecnologías con aquéllas preexistentes. De esta forma se minimiza el riesgo financiero, hecho particularmente importante en el caso de una Pyme a la vez que, se aprovecha la oportunidad para adquirir experiencia acerca de las fortalezas y debilidades del paradigma SOA. Una parte importante del proceso de migración es la integración, directa o indirecta, en el mundo SOA de los sistemas preexistentes y, objetivo de esta contribución que intenta ofrecer un panorama general del tema, primer paso en el mapa de ruta de SOA en la automatización de una Pyme manufacturera.  10.13084/2175-8018.v03n06a1

Les aide-mémoires, des outils cognitifs pour l’enseignement : un essai de typologie

Le but de cet article est de repérer les types et les fonctions des aide-mémoire (AM) que l’on trouve dans les classes d’enseignants d’école primaire et d’en proposer une première typologie. Nous décrivons tout d’abord l’enseignement comme la supervision et le contrôle d’un environnement dynamique, ce qui nous amènera ensuite à montrer en quoi les AM peuvent faciliter ces activités. Dans une troisième partie, nous détaillons une observation sur la présence et l’usage d’AM auprès de six enseignants expérimentés d’école élémentaire (cycle 3), suivie d’un entretien visant à les faire s’exprimer sur la manière dont ils produisent et utilisent des aide-mémoire dans leur pratique quotidienne. Trois fonctions principales sont mises au jour et discutées : l’aide-mémoire comme outil d’aide à l’action, comme instrument d’aide à la perception de l’environnement, et enfin comme objet intermédiaire. Des principes d’action sous-tendant cette utilisation sont énoncés.The purpose of this paper is to categorize by type and function the various check-lists that can be observed in primary school classrooms. We first propose to consider teaching as the twofold activity of supervising and controlling a dynamic environment, the classroom, and then to show how check-lists can be used to help this activity. Third, we describe a study in which all the check-lists of six primary school experimented teachers are collected and their actual use observed. Open-ended interviews are also performed in order to elicit the way teachers design, produce and use check-lists in their daily practice. Three main functions are pointed out and discussed: the check-list as an action tool, as an instrument to help teachers perceive their surrounding environment, and as an intermediary object. Finally, we detail some action principles underlying these different uses that are likely to be used by teachers.El objetivo de este artículo es identificar los tipos y las funciones de los cuadernos de notas presentes en las aulas de los profesores de primaria, y proponer una tipología inicial de los mismos. Para empezar, describimos la enseñanza como la supervisión y el control de un entorno dinámico, lo que después nos permitirá mostrar de qué forma los cuadernos de notas (CN) pueden facilitar estas actividades. A continuación, explicamos detalladamente una observación de la presencia y el uso de CN por seis profesores de escuela primaria experimentados (ciclo 3), y continuamos con una entrevista en la que se expresan sobre su manera de producir y usar CN en su práctica cotidiana. Se destacarán y comentarán tres funciones principales: el CN como herramienta auxiliar de acción, como instrumento de ayuda a la percepción del entorno y, por último, como objeto intermedio. Enunciamos principios de acción que sustentan esta utilización.