The industrious revolution, the industriousness discourse, and the development of modern economies

ABSTRACTThe idea of industriousness has been an ever-recurring issue since Max Weber launched it as a putative explanation of the advent of economic modernity. The notion of ‘industrious revolution’ has provoked a renewed flourishing of publications focusing on this issue. Although most historians agree on the emergence of industriousness in seventeenth-century Europe, there is no consensus regarding the chronology, hence the real causes, of this mental and discursive shift. This article emphasizes the problematic role played by literary evidences in these social and cultural models of diffusion of new consumer values and desires. It then establishes the timing of the emergence of the ‘industriousness discourse’ using an original approach to diffusion based both on the quantitative analysis of very large corpora and a close reading of seventeenth-century economic pamphlets and educational literature. It concludes first that there was not one but several competing discourses on industriousness. It then identifies two crucial hinges which closely match the chronology proposed by Allen and Muldrew, but refutes that championed by de Vries and McCloskey. The industrious revolution as described by these authors would have happened both too late to fit its intellectual roots and too early to signal the beginning of a ‘consumer revolution’.This work was supported by the Arts and Humanities Research CouncilThis is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Cambridge University Press via https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X1300052

Gardens of happiness: Sir William Temple, temperance and China

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Taylor & Francis via the DOI in this recordSir William Temple, an English statesman and humanist, wrote “Upon the Gardens of Epicurus” in 1685, taking a neo-epicurean approach to happiness and temperance. In accord with Pierre Gassendi’s epicureanism, “happiness” is characterised as freedom from disturbance and pain in mind and body, whereas “temperance” means following nature (Providence and one’s physiopsychological constitution). For Temple, cultivating fruit trees in his garden was analogous to the threefold cultivation of temperance as a virtue in the humoral body (as food), the mind (as freedom from the passions), and the bodyeconomic (as circulating goods) in order to attain happiness. A regimen that was supposed to cure the malaise of Restoration amidst a crisis of unbridled passions, this threefold cultivation of temperance underlines Temple’s reception of China and Confucianism wherein happiness and temperance are highlighted. Thus Temple’s “gardens of happiness” represent not only a reinterpretation of classical ideas, but also his dialogue with China.European CommissionLeverhulme Trus

The english improver, or a new survey of husbandry : discovering to the kingdome, that some land, both arrable and pasture, may be advanced double or treble; other land to a five or ten fold: and some to a twenty fold improvement: yea, some now not worth above one, or two shillings, per acree, be made worth thirty, or forty, if not more ...

by Walter Blit

The English improver improved or the survey of husbandry surveyed ...

by Wa. BlithDiverse Fehlpaginierunge

Interaction of waves and a shear flow

A series of experiments has been undertaken in which three major properties of a surface tension-gravity wave system have been critically examined. The results of these experiments have been compared with existing theories. The three properties are: viscous decay in the absence of mean flow, which has been compared to the theory given in Lamb (1932) #348; propagation velocities in the presence and absence of mean flow, compared to Lamb (1932) #267, and the change of wave energy on crossing a stable Couette shear flow, compared to two theories - one obtained from the Navier-Stokes equations including terms up to second order in wave slope; the other, following previous authors, assuming any direct interaction of the waves with the shear flow to be negligible. According to the theory obtained from the Navier-Stokes equations the divergence of the rate of transport of surface wave energy is equal to the rate of change of wave energy due to the interaction of the mean flow and the wave system plus the rate of change of energy due to viscous decay. An optical system was used to measure the maximum wave slope, the wavenumbers and the shear velocities. A grid of point source lights was set up to reflect off a previously chosen part of the shear flow into a properly oriented camera. A series of pulses of waves, generated by an electromechanical transducer, were then sent across this region of the flow. For each pulse of waves a photograph was taken of the oscillating images of the lights with the exposure time longer than one wave period. The resulting streaks on the film are proportional to the maximum wave slopes at the positions from which the undeviated light reflects. A series of parallel straight white strings were photographed with the aid of a flash unit when waves crossed the flow. This was then used to determine lines of constant phase from which the wavelength and hence the wavenumber was measured at various positions across the flow. The viscous decay and part of the propagation measurements were obtained in this way but with no mean flow. Results indicate that an anomalous region of wave properties exists for wavenumbers near 2.7 cm. ̄¹. For a set of data in which the wavenumbers were always less than 1.8 cm.̄¹, it was found that the viscous decay rate and the propagation laws agree with theory to within the experimental error, and the interaction measurements fit the theory with the non-linear term included rather than the traditional theories.Science, Faculty ofPhysics and Astronomy, Department ofGraduat

Multimorbidity Increases Risk of Osteoporosis Under-Diagnosis and Under-Treatment in Patients at High Fracture Risk: 45 and up a Prospective Population Based-Study

Abstract Background: Management of osteoporosis following fracture is suboptimal. Multimorbidity adds to clinical management complexity in the elderly but its contribution to the osteoporosis treatment gap has never been investigated. Objectives: To determine the impact of multimorbidity on fracture risk and on osteoporosis investigation and treatment in patients at high fracture risk. Design and Setting: The 45 and Up Study is a prospective population-based cohort study in NSW, Australia with questionnaire data linked to hospital records by the Centre for Health Record Linkage (CHeReL) and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and Medicare Benefits Scheme (MBS) data provided by Department of Human Services. Fractures identified from hospital records, comorbidities from questionnaires, hospital and PBS records. Bone mineral density (BMD) investigation obtained from MBS and treatment for osteoporosis from PBS. Participants: 16191 women and 9089 men with incident low-trauma fracture (2000 - 2017) classified in a high and low-risk group based on 10-year fracture risk threshold of 20% from the Garvan Fracture Risk Calculator (age, gender, prior fracture and falls). Main Outcome Measurements: Association of Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) with fracture. Likelihood of BMD investigation and treatment initiation. Outcomes ascertained by logistic regression and re-fracture risk by Cox models. Results: Individuals at high fracture risk were significantly older [women (mean age ±SD) 77 ± 10 vs 57 ±4 for high- vs low risk and men 86±5 vs 65±8 for high vs low risk] and had a higher morbidity burden [women, CCI ≥ 2 40% vs 12% for high- vs low-risk and men 53% vs 26% for high vs low risk]. Being in the high-risk group as well as a higher CCI were independently associated with &amp;gt; 2-fold higher risk of re-fracture. However, in the high-risk group, only 28% (48% women and 17% men) had a BMD investigation and 31% (24% women and 14% men) received anti-osteoporosis medication post-fracture. A higher CCI was associated with a lower probability of both BMD investigation [CCI 2–3 vs 0–1, RR 0.73 (0.65–0.82) for women, and 0.50 (0.40–0.64) for men and CCI ≥4 vs 0–1, RR 0.50 (0.41- 0.62) for women and 0.36 (0.25–0.52) for men] and treatment initiation [CCI 2–3 vs 0–1, RR 0.88 (0.77–0.98) for women and 0.75 (0.60–0.95) for men and CCI ≥4 vs 0–1, RR 0.75 (0.59- 0.95) for women and 0.35 (0.23–0.53) for men]. Conclusion: Multimorbidity, despite being associated with the highest fracture risk, significantly lowers the likelihood of osteoporosis investigation and treatment. These findings suggest that fracture risk is either under-estimated or under-prioritized in the context of multimorbidity. Our findings highlight the need for improved delivery of fracture preventive care in this setting. More generally, they also point out the need for a better understanding of how problems are prioritized in complex clinical situations.</jats:p