Where do Innovations Come From? Transformations in the U.S. Economy, 1970-2006

This article brings to bear new data on the issue of structuring national innovation systems. Drawing on a unique data set of prize winning innovations between 1971 and 2006, we document three key changes in the U.S. economy. The first is an expanding role of interorganizational collaborations in producing award winning innovations. The second is the diminishing role of the largest corporations as sources of innovation. The third is the expanded role of public institutions and public funding in the innovation process. This leads us to the surprising conclusion that the U.S. increasingly resembles a Developmental Network State in which government initiatives are critical in overcoming network failures and in providing critical funding for the innovation process. The paper concludes by addressing the implications of these finding for debates over the appropriate regime for intellectual property rights.

Polanyi’s Double Movement and the Reconstruction of Critical Theory

Karl Polanyi est bien connu pour son livre The Great Transformation (2001 [1944], où il soutient que les économies capitalistes ont été l’objet d’un double mouvement. D’un côté, le laissez-faire, et de l’autre des mesures protectionnistes pour protéger la vie sociale de l’impact destructeur des du marché. Cet essai commence par décrire ce double mouvement, élabore les micro-fondations du mouvement protectionniste afin d’expliquer comment les agents ont parfois la possibilité, le pouvoir et la capacité de défier et de modifier les structures des sociétés marchandes. Après avoir traité des barrières à la mobilisation de ce mouvement protectionniste, la dernière section explore les possibilités d’aller au delà de ce double mouvement.Karl Polanyi argued in The Great Transformation (2001 [1944])that the development of market societies over the past two hundred years has been shaped by a double movement. On one side is the movement of laissez faire--the efforts by a variety of groups to expand the scope and influence of self-regulating markets. On the other side has been the movement of protection–the initiatives, again by a wide range of social actors, to insulate the fabric of social life from the destructive impact of market pressures. The essay starts by laying out the broad outlines of the double movement idea, and then it elaborates the micro-foundations of the protective counter movement to explain how agents sometimes have the opportunity, the power, and the capacity to challenge and change the institutional structures of market societies. After examining barriers to the mobilization of a protective counter movement, the final section explores the possibilities of moving beyond the double movement

Tornar o Estado visível: A busca de uma nova história da modernidade econômica

O artigo analisa a economia política dos Estados Unidos de América no contexto  da Victoria electoral de Donald Traump. Para isso, é recuperada a historia econômica do capitalismo partindo de criticar um erro das análises sobre desenvolvimento: ignorar o papel do Estado na criação das economias de mercado modernas. O artigo salienta uma série de áreas em que o Estado é fundamental para impulsar economias de mercado e desenvolvimento

Better Country: A Strategy for Rural Development in the 1980's

In accordance with the Rural Development Policy Act of 1980, I am submitting to the Congress the Administration's rural development strategy. In devising the strategy, the special needs of rural America—its people, its economic potential, its social and physical requirements, its governmental systems, its family farms, and its environmental and natural resources—were taken into account, also mandated by the Congress. We believe that by restoring authority to the people who must deal directly with these problems, providing them with improved means of Federal assistance, and helping them stimulate the rural economy and the increased public resources such economic growth can generate, the various "categorical" problems of rural America—health, housing, education, and the like—can be more effectively and efficiently solved

The need for fresh blood: understanding organizational age inequality through a vampiric lens

YesThis article argues that older age inequality within and across working life is the result of vampiric forms and structures constitutive of contemporary organizing. Rather than assuming ageism occurs against a backdrop of neutral organizational processes and practices, the article denaturalizes (and in the process super-naturalizes) organizational orientations of ageing through three vampiric aspects: (un)dying, regeneration and neophilia. These dimensions are used to illustrate how workplace narratives and logics normalize and perpetuate the systematic denigration of the ageing organizational subject. Through our analysis it is argued that older workers are positioned as inevitable ‘sacrificial objects’ of the all-consuming immortal organization. To challenge this, the article explicitly draws on the vampire and the vampiric in literature and popular culture to consider the possibility of subverting existing notions of the ‘older worker’ in order to confront and challenge the subtle and persistent monstrous discourses that shape organizational life

Como se dá a inovação dentro do Estado Desenvolvimentista em Rede? Novos dados sobre acordos público-privados em um laboratório do Departamento de Energia dos Estados Unidos

A importância dos laboratórios nacionais do Department of Energy (DOE) para o sistema nacional de inovação dos EUA há muito tem sido tema de debate. Seus defensores destacam o papel central dos laboratórios no desenvolvimento de tecnologias como baterias avançadas, e os grandes progressos em energia solar, tecnologias de imagem e diversos empreendimentos em TI, entre outros. Seus críticos têm sugerido reiteradamente que a capacidade de inovação dos laboratórios vem se deteriorando por falta de parcerias com empresas comerciais e de táticas de gestão. O que – surpreendentemente, talvez - tem faltado nesse debate é uma revisão meticulosa dos dados sobre parcerias público-privadas entre os laboratórios e empresas privadas. Este artigo baseia-se em dados não públicos sobre um tipo de acordo contratual – os acordos Work-For-Others (WFO) (Trabalho-Para-Outros) – através dos quais o laboratório realiza um contrato de trabalho com empresas privadas. Revisamos 10 anos de dados dos WFO de um único laboratório do DOE. Nossa análise proporciona um panorama inicial da geografia surpreendentemente diversa e da gama de empresas que contrataram o laboratório como fornecedor de P&D, bem como de características chave desses acordos. Apesar de nossa coleta de dados compreender acordos de apenas um laboratório, os achados reforçam a importância de olhar a complexa e sobreposta rede de programas no sistema federal Americano que apoia a inovação no setor privado

Dreams and nightmares of liberal international law: capitalist accumulation, natural rights and state hegemony

This article develops a line of theorising the relationship between peace, war and commerce and does so via conceptualising global juridical relations as a site of contestation over questions of economic and social justice. By sketching aspects of a historical interaction between capitalist accumulation, natural rights and state hegemony, the article offers a critical account of the limits of liberal international law, and attempts to recover some ground for thinking about the emancipatory potential of international law more generally