El principio de oportunidad en el delito de conducción en estado de ebriedad por parte de efectivos policiales, Lima – 2023

El presente Informe de Tesis aporta al objetivo de desarrollo sostenible N° 17, “Alianzas para lograr los objetivos”; asimismo el objetivo general de esta investigación fue “Analizar las implicaciones administrativas específicas de la aplicación del Principio de Oportunidad en casos de conducción en estado de ebriedad por parte de efectivos policías en actividad, en Lima 2023”; La metodología empleada fue de enfoque cualitativo, tipo de investigación básica, revisión de literatura de alcance jurídico descriptivo, la población en estudio fueron los efectivos policiales de la jurisdicción de lima. En ese sentido, se llegó a la conclusión de que las implicaciones administrativas derivadas de la aplicación del Principio de Oportunidad en casos de conducción en estado de ebriedad por parte de los efectivos policiales, son severas, pues implican la admisión de los cargos y la apertura de un proceso disciplinario en la PNP. Este proceso, regido por el principio de verdad material, derivan en sanciones contundentes como el pase a disponibilidad o retiro, según la Ley 30714. Finalmente, se recomendó la adecuación proporcional de las sanciones disciplinarias de acuerdo con la gravedad de la infracción cometida

The isometric log-ratio (ilr)-ion plot: A proposed alternative to the Piper diagram

Abstract The Piper diagram has been a staple for the analysis of water chemistry data since its introduction in 1944. It was conceived to be a method for water classification, determination of potential water mixing between end-members, and to aid in the identification of chemical reactions controlling a sample set. This study uses the information gleaned over the years since the release of the Piper diagram and proposes an alternative to it, capturing the strengths of the original diagram while adding new ideas to increase its robustness. The new method uses compositional data analysis to create 4 isometric log-ratio coordinates for the 6 major chemical species analyzed in the Piper diagram and transforms the data to a 4-field bi-plot, the ilr-ion plot. This ilr-ion plot conveys all of the information in the Piper diagram (water mixing, water types, and chemical reactions) while also visualizing additional data, the ability to examine Ca2+/Mg2+ versus Cl-/SO42−. The Piper and the ilr-ion plot were also compared using multiple synthetic and real datasets in order to illustrate the caveats and the advantages of using either diagram to analyze water chemistry data. Although there are challenges with using the ilr-ion plot (e.g., missing or zero values zeros in the dataset must be imputed by positive real numbers), it appears that the use of compositional data analysis coupled with the ilr-ion plot provides a more in-depth and complete analysis of water quality data compared to the original Piper diagram

Repetitive Sampling and Control Threshold Improve 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing Results From Produced Waters Associated With Hydraulically Fractured Shale

Sequencing microbial DNA from deep subsurface environments is complicated by a number of issues ranging from contamination to non-reproducible results. Many samples obtained from these environments – which are of great interest due to the potential to stimulate microbial methane generation – contain low biomass. Therefore, samples from these environments are difficult to study as sequencing results can be easily impacted by contamination. In this case, the low amount of sample biomass may be effectively swamped by the contaminating DNA and generate misleading results. Additionally, performing field work in these environments can be difficult, as researchers generally have limited access to and time on site. Therefore, optimizing a sampling plan to produce the best results while collecting the greatest number of samples over a short period of time is ideal. This study aimed to recommend an adequate sampling plan for field researchers obtaining microbial biomass for 16S rRNA gene sequencing, applicable specifically to low biomass oil and gas-producing environments. Forty-nine different samples were collected by filtering specific volumes of produced water from a hydraulically fractured well producing from the Niobrara Shale. Water was collected in two different sampling events 24 h apart. Four to five samples were collected from 11 specific volumes. These samples along with eight different blanks were submitted for analysis. DNA was extracted from each sample, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq gene sequencing were performed to determine relative concentrations of biomass and microbial community composition, respectively. The qPCR results varied across sampled volumes, while no discernible trend correlated contamination to volume of water filtered. This suggests that collecting a larger volume of sample may not result in larger biomass concentrations or better representation of a sampled environment. Researchers could prioritize collecting many low volume samples over few high-volume samples. Our results suggest that there also may be variability in the concentration of microbial communities present in produced waters over short (i.e., hours) time scales, which warrants further investigation. Submission of multiple blanks is also vital to determining how contamination or low biomass effects may influence a sample set collected from an unknown environment

Repetitive Sampling and Control Threshold Improve 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing Results From Produced Waters Associated With Hydraulically Fractured Shale

Sequencing microbial DNA from deep subsurface environments is complicated by a number of issues ranging from contamination to non-reproducible results. Many samples obtained from these environments – which are of great interest due to the potential to stimulate microbial methane generation – contain low biomass. Therefore, samples from these environments are difficult to study as sequencing results can be easily impacted by contamination. In this case, the low amount of sample biomass may be effectively swamped by the contaminating DNA and generate misleading results. Additionally, performing field work in these environments can be difficult, as researchers generally have limited access to and time on site. Therefore, optimizing a sampling plan to produce the best results while collecting the greatest number of samples over a short period of time is ideal. This study aimed to recommend an adequate sampling plan for field researchers obtaining microbial biomass for 16S rRNA gene sequencing, applicable specifically to low biomass oil and gas-producing environments. Forty-nine different samples were collected by filtering specific volumes of produced water from a hydraulically fractured well producing from the Niobrara Shale. Water was collected in two different sampling events 24 h apart. Four to five samples were collected from 11 specific volumes. These samples along with eight different blanks were submitted for analysis. DNA was extracted from each sample, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq gene sequencing were performed to determine relative concentrations of biomass and microbial community composition, respectively. The qPCR results varied across sampled volumes, while no discernible trend correlated contamination to volume of water filtered. This suggests that collecting a larger volume of sample may not result in larger biomass concentrations or better representation of a sampled environment. Researchers could prioritize collecting many low volume samples over few high-volume samples. Our results suggest that there also may be variability in the concentration of microbial communities present in produced waters over short (i.e., hours) time scales, which warrants further investigation. Submission of multiple blanks is also vital to determining how contamination or low biomass effects may influence a sample set collected from an unknown environment

Insights into the effectiveness of preventive instruments tackling organised crime (full text only available in Dutch)

Georganiseerde criminaliteit vormt een bedreiging voor de veiligheid van de maatschappij en de integriteit van het openbaar bestuur. Hoewel preventieve maatregelen doeltreffend kunnen zijn bij de preventie van bepaalde soorten criminaliteit, is weinig bekend over de daadwerkelijke effectiviteit van de instrumenten die georganiseerde criminaliteit zouden moeten voorkomen. Er is daarom behoefte aan meer inzicht in wat binnen- en buitenlandse wetenschappelijke literatuur rapporteert over de effectiviteit van preventieve instrumenten tegen georganiseerde criminaliteit. Dit onderzoek richt zich op de preventie van georganiseerde criminaliteit en in het bijzonder op de volgende drie aan georganiseerde criminaliteit verbonden activiteiten: 1) drugsproductie en -handel, 2) wapenhandel en -smokkel, en 3) mensenhandel en -smokkel. Bovendien zijn alleen studies meegenomen waarin duidelijk wordt aangegeven dat de daarin beschreven instrumenten een beoogd preventief doel hebben, ook als de maatregelen daarnaast nog een ander doel dienen. Daarnaast willen we met deze studie in de eerste plaats de beschikbare literatuur over de effectiviteit van de toepassing van preventieve instrumenten in kaart brengen. Het onderzoek is dan ook uitsluitend gericht op studies die de effectiviteit van de preventieve instrumenten op dit gebied (en met betrekking tot de belangrijkste criminele activiteiten in kwestie) trachtten te evalueren of te bestuderen. INHOUD Introductie De aanpak van georganiseerde criminaliteit in Nederland Theoretische onderbouwing van de preventie van georganiseerde criminaliteit Methodische aanpak van het onderzoek De geëvalueerde preventieve instrumenten in de strijd tegen de georganiseerde criminaliteit: bevindingen van de literatuurstudie Uitdagingen bij de evaluatie van de preventieve aanpak van georganiseerde criminaliteit ConclusiesOrganised crime poses a threat to the security of our societies and the integrity of public administration. While preventive measures may be effective in thwarting certain types of crime, little is known about the types of instruments that can effectively help preventing organised crime. There is thus a need to better understand what has been reported in both the domestic and international scientific literature in terms of the effectiveness of preventive instruments with a focus on organised crime. This study responds to a call from the Research and Documentation Centre (WODC) to gather insights into the effectiveness of preventative instruments in the field of organised crime