Diversity and role of microbes in the human intestinal tract

Bakterije su jednostanični organizmi koji nemaju jezgru i organele te se ubrajaju u prokariote. U intestinalnom traktu prevladavaju anaerobne bakterije s obzirom da nema mnogo kisika. U prvom dijelu navedenih istraživanja proučavan je mikrobiom usne šupljine. Provođena je analiza 1179 svojti koje su identificirane po svojoj sekvenci za 16S rRNA s ciljem da se unesu u bazu podataka usnog mikrobioma pod nazivom HOMD. Zatim su prikazana istraživanja mikrobioma fekalnih uzoraka ženskog dojenčeta. S obzirom na tretiranje djeteta, u različite dane se pojavljuju različite skupine bakterija. Mikrobni sastav u intestinalnom traktu također znatno ovisi o prehrambenim navikama. U trećem dijelu prikazanih istraživanja analizirana je bakterijska raznolikost u fekalnim uzorcima djece iz ruralnog sela Afrike i urbanog središta Europe. S obzirom na različite prehrambene navike pronađene su različite skupine bakterija u dvije populacije, no u obje populacije četiri najzastupljenije bakterijske skupine su: Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes i Proteobacteria. U zadnjem djelu prikazanih istraživanja proučeno je kako crijevni mikrobiom utječe na razvoj mozga, njegove funkcije i ponašanje u dvije vrste miševa (GF i SPF). Pronađene su znatne razlike između dvije skupine miševa kao što je kretanje, zatim razlike u razini noradrenalina, dopamina, 5-HT-a, sinaptofisina, PSD- 95 i slično.Bacteria are single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus and organelles and hence are classified as the prokaryotes. The human intestinal tract is dominated by anaerobic bacteria since there is not much oxygen. The first of the reviewed studies investigated the oral microbiomes. The analysis of 1179 species that are identified by their 16S rRNA sequences in order to be entered into a database called Human Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD). The second study presented here investigates fecal samples microbiomes of a female infant. Depending on a treatment of the child, different groups of bacteria appear sequentially on daily basis. The microbial composition of the intestinal tract is also highly dependent on dietary habits. In the third rewieved study fecal samples from children in rural villages in Africa and urban centers of Europe were comparated regarding the microbe diversity. Different dietary habits in two populations of children affected their microbe diversity, but both populations contain the four most common groups of bacteria, namely: Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The last reviewed paper brings research on how intestinal microbiome affects the developing brain, its function and behavior in germfree (GF) and pathogen-free (SPF) mice. Significant differences in motor abilities, noradrenaline, dopamine, 5-HT, synaptophysin and PSD-95 levels were found between the two groups of mice

A System of Employee Remuneration in a Selected Organization

Import 04/07/2011Diplomová práce se zaměřuje na systém odměňování ve společnosti Bucyrus Czech Republic, a. s. Cílem této práce je analyzovat současný stav všech složek odměňování ve společnosti, jejich vývoj a nedostatky. První část práce se zaměřuje na vymezení pojetí odměňování a motivaci lidí. Nedílnou součástí je také popis tvorby systému odměňování, faktory ovlivňující výši peněžní odměny, mzdové formy, cafeteria systém a také relevantní právní předpisy. V praktické části je uvedena základní charakteristika společnosti a její metody odměňování zaměstnanců. Práce vychází z interních dat poskytnutých personálním útvarem. Detailně se pak zaobírám zaměstnaneckými benefity v podobě cafeteria systému, změnou pravidelného hodnocení výkonu a navržením odměny za zlepšovací návrhy. Jsem přesvědčen, že poznatky z této práce budou přínosem pro danou společnost.This thesis deals with a system of employee remuneration in Bucyrus Czech Republic, a. s. The target of the thesis is to analyze the present stage of every section of employee remuneration in the company, development of the system and imperfections. The first part is focused on the basic characteristics of remuneration and motivation, the salary form, the cafeteria system and also the relevant legal regulations. At the practical part there is mentioned a basic characteristics of the company and its methods for the remuneration of employees. The thesis results from the internal data of the human resource department. In detail I focused of the employee benefits in the cafeteria system form, the change of periodic achievement valuation and there is also given a proposal to remunerate the innovation suggestions. I strongly believe that the company will surely benefit from this thesis.115 - Katedra managementuvýborn

Wolf outside, dog inside? The genomic make-up of the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog

Background Genomic methods can provide extraordinary tools to explore the genetic background of wild species and domestic breeds, optimize breeding practices, monitor and limit the spread of recessive diseases, and discourage illegal crossings. In this study we analysed a panel of 170k Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms with a combination of multivariate, Bayesian and outlier gene approaches to examine the genome-wide diversity and inbreeding levels in a recent wolf x dog cross-breed, the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog, which is becoming increasingly popular across Europe. Results Pairwise FST values, multivariate and assignment procedures indicated that the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog was significantly differentiated from all the other analysed breeds and also well-distinguished from both parental populations (Carpathian wolves and German Shepherds). Coherently with the low number of founders involved in the breed selection, the individual inbreeding levels calculated from homozygosity regions were relatively high and comparable with those derived from the pedigree data. In contrast, the coefficient of relatedness between individuals estimated from the pedigrees often underestimated the identity-by-descent scores determined using genetic profiles. The timing of the admixture and the effective population size trends estimated from the LD patterns reflected the documented history of the breed. Ancestry reconstruction methods identified more than 300 genes with excess of wolf ancestry compared to random expectations, mainly related to key morphological features, and more than 2000 genes with excess of dog ancestry, playing important roles in lipid metabolism, in the regulation of circadian rhythms, in learning and memory processes, and in sociability, such as the COMT gene, which has been described as a candidate gene for the latter trait in dogs. Conclusions In this study we successfully applied genome-wide procedures to reconstruct the history of the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog, assess individual wolf ancestry proportions and, thanks to the availability of a well-annotated reference genome, identify possible candidate genes for wolf-like and dog-like phenotypic traits typical of this breed, including commonly inherited disorders. Moreover, through the identification of ancestry-informative markers, these genomic approaches could provide tools for forensic applications to unmask illegal crossings with wolves and uncontrolled trades of recent and undeclared wolfdog hybrids

English/language arts teachers' emotional responses to difference: A feminist poststructural analysis.

Although the population in public schools within the United States continues to reflect a more diverse student body, the majority of preservice and inservice teachers are white, middle class women (McFalls & Cobb-Roberts, 2001). The disparate background between students and teachers could result in "confounding" communication across social lines, racial divisions, cultural differences, and even power structures (Delpit, 1995). To better understand this phenomenon, this qualitative study addressed two research questions: How do beginning English/language arts teachers experience difference? How do their emotions about difference influence their pedagogy? Difference was defined as a disrupting force that clashed with personal ideologies. During their first in the profession, seven female English/language arts teachers wrote personal responses to questions about difference and emotion. They also participated in semi-structured interviews. Using phenomenological methodology, data were analyzed and discussed using feminist poststructural theory and terminology that included subjectivity, language, discourse, and power.Findings suggested that novice English/language arts teachers reacted in various ways when confronted with difference. Some blurred their public and private personas and engaged in emotional experiences with their students. In their classrooms, these participants openly discussed issues of power and hegemony. Others experienced conflicted teaching personas; specifically, their self-identified openness to difference had not necessarily translated into practices that encouraged emotional connections with their students. Although they privately discussed power, they were reluctant to broach the topic with their students. Other participants enacted a one-sided public persona that focused on their role as teacher and often ignored the emotional needs of their students. As a result of these findings, several implications for the field of education were cited. These included the idea that teacher identity was in flux, and, as such, labels like "white, middle class teacher" should be interrogated. Additionally, teacher identity often affected pedagogical practices, especially those relating to literature instruction; therefore, teacher educators should address that connection in preservice training