Discriminatiemonitor niet-westerse allochtonen op de arbeidsmarkt 2007

De conclusies samengevat – Diverse onderzoeksbevindingen wijzen erop dat discriminatie van niet-westerse allochtonen op de arbeidsmarkt met name de toetreding tot de arbeidsmarkt (instroom) en het verkrijgen van vast werk belemmert. – Discriminatie lijkt minder invloed te hebben op de positie van allochtone werkenden. Allochtonen en autochtonen met vergelijkbare, voor de arbeidsmarkt relevante kenmerken als opleiding, ervaring en kennis van de Nederlandse taal, hebben vergelijkbare beroepsposities en inkomens. – De Marokkaanse groep lijkt het meest met discriminatie te worden geconfronteerd. – De tweedegeneratie-Antillianen laten het gunstigste beeld zien: zij hebben nagenoeg dezelfde kansen op (vast) werk als autochtonen. – De verschillen in arbeidsmarktpositie tussen autochtone en allochtone vrouwen worden beter verklaard door de in het model opgenomen variabelen, dan de verschillen tussen autochtone en allochtone mannen. Wellicht treft etnische discriminatie allochtone vrouwen minder dan allochtone mannen. Nader onderzoek moet hierover echter meer duidelijkheid geven. Surinaamse vrouwen nemen een bijzondere positie in: (goed geïntegreerde) Surinaamse vrouwen verschillen in arbeidsmarktpositie niet van vergelijkbare autochtone vrouwen. – Circa 20% van de niet-werkende Turken, Marokkanen, Surinamers en Antillianen is van mening dat zij vanwege discriminatie minder kansen hebben op een baan dan autochtonen. De andere 80% vindt dat er sprake is van gelijke kansen op de arbeidsmarkt of noemt andere factoren. – In de periode 2004-2006 werden bij antidiscriminatiebureaus (ADB’s) per jaar gemiddeld 400 klachten en meldingen ingediend over arbeidsmarktdiscriminatie van niet-westerse allochtonen. De meeste van deze klachten betreffen discriminatie op de werkvloer (43%), gevolgd door werving en selectie (24%) en (dreigende) beëindiging van het dienstverband (12%). De meeste klachten worden ingediend door Marokkanen. Veel klachten hebben betrekking op het dragen van een hoofddoek. – De CGB sprak in de periode 2004-2006 93 oordelen uit over ervaren discriminatie van niet-westerse allochtonen op de arbeidsmarkt. In meer dan de helft van de gevallen werd de klacht door de CGB gegrond verklaard. De meeste oordelen (40%) betreffen werving, selectie en arbeidsbemiddeling. In 30% van de oordelen spelen verhoudingen op de werkvloer – discriminerende bejegening, waaronder pesterijen en belediging – een rol. – Niet-westerse allochtonen ervaren dat zij zich meer moeten inspannen dan autochtonen om dezelfde arbeidsmarktpositie te bereiken. Zij hebben vaak het gevoel dat ze zich extra moeten bewijzen en dat er extra op hen wordt gelet. Zij ervaren dat zij voortdurend moeten laten zien dat zij niet beantwoorden aan het – ongunstige – beeld van hun groep. – Allochtone werkzoekenden houden rekening met discriminatie door onder andere specifieke bedrijven en sectoren te mijden, geen geboortelandgegevens op te nemen in de sollicitatiebrief en de hoofddoek af te doen op het werk.

Decision making around living and deceased donor kidney transplantation: a qualitative study exploring the importance of expected relationship changes

Transplant surger

An Evaluation of the Impact of Anger on Aggression in Pretend Play and the Role of Pretend Play in Regulating Anger in Preschoolers

Multiple studies have supported the link between anger and aggression. It is not uncommon for anger to result in aggressive acts, especially in children still learning socially appropriate ways of coping. Furthermore, childhood aggression is typically viewed as a concerning act that should be reduced or eliminated. However, some research shows that within pretend play, aggression can be adaptive. Studies have supported the Mastery/Catharsis hypothesis, the theory that aggression in pretend play acts as a release of emotions and processing of events, by showing that children who exhibit more aggression within their pretend play exhibit less aggression outside of play. Pretend play has been proposed as an adaptive coping mechanism for children. Although the literature supports the role of pretend play in coping with anxiety, the role of play in coping with anger has not previously been evaluated. The current study used a pretest/posttest design to evaluate the relationships between anger and aggression in pretend play and the role of aggression in pretend play in regulating anger in preschool aged children. Mood was measured at three time points: baseline measure prior to play or mood induction (Time 1), measure after the mood induction (Time 2), and after the condition manipulation (Time 3). Baseline measures of pretend play were also collected prior to the mood induction for all children. After the mood induction, half the participants participated in a measure of pretend play and the other half watched an emotionally neutral 5-minute video. Measures of mood were then collected again. Given the strong relationship between anger and aggression, it was hypothesized that anger would increase aggression in pretend play. Furthermore, according to the Mastery/Catharsis hypothesis engaging in aggression in pretend play should reduce anger. Therefore, it was hypothesized that participants in the treatment condition, who engaged in pretend play, would show a greater reduction in anger than children in the control group, who watched a neutral video. Results indicated that the mood induction resulted in a worse mood than the baseline mood. Furthermore, children engaged in more aggression in pretend play after being angered than prior to being angered. Finally, there were no significant differences in mood scores at the end of the study between the treatment and control groups. The present study developed a novel, effective, and mild negative mood induction procedure for preschoolers. Additionally, it found a relationship between anger and aggression in pretend play in preschoolers. Although the present study did not find pretend play was more effective in improving mood that the control condition, future studies should evaluate this relationship further as there were several extraneous variables that were not controlled for (e.g., emotion regulation abilities)

Written Review 2 - Vibrato

Architecture & Allied Art

Action research and democracy

This contribution explores the relationship between research and learning democracy. Action research is seen as being compatible with the orientation of educational and social work research towards social justice and democracy. Nevertheless, the history of action research is characterized by a tension between democracy and social engineering. In the social-engineering approach, action research is conceptualized as a process of innovation aimed at a specific Bildungsideal. In a democratic approach action research is seen as research based on cooperation between research and practice. However, the notion of democratic action research as opposed to social engineering action research needs to be theorized. So called democratic action research involving the implementation by the researcher of democracy as a model and as a preset goal, reduces cooperation and participation into instruments to reach this goal, and becomes a type of social engineering in itself. We argue that the relationship between action research and democracy is in the acknowledgment of the political dimension of participation: ‘a democratic relationship in which both sides exercise power and shared control over decision-making as well as interpretation’. This implies an open research design and methodology able to understand democracy as a learning process and an ongoing experiment

Mental health policy through the lens of a social worker

Due to stigma and lack of education, mental health agencies are often the first to receive budget cuts. After conducting research on mental health policy and policy advocacy, the researcher identified an opportunity for social work practitioners to improve mental health policy advocacy, based upon their unique perspective to witness the direct impact of policies on this population. This in-depth literature review encompassed the origins of mental health advocacy, an overview of the mental health system in the United States, barriers to effective service, and best practices in the field of social work. From this research, the author developed a series of recommendations for more effective mental health policy advocacy for social work practitioners

Stable isotope tagging of epitopes: a highly selective strategy for the identification of major histocompatibility complex class I-associated peptides induced upon viral infection.

Identification of peptides presented in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules after viral infection is of strategic importance for vaccine development. Until recently, mass spectrometric identification of virus-induced peptides was based on comparative analysis of peptide pools isolated from uninfected and virus-infected cells. Here we report on a powerful strategy aiming at the rapid, unambiguous identification of naturally processed MHC class I-associated peptides, which are induced by viral infection. The methodology, stable isotope tagging of epitopes (SITE), is based on metabolic labeling of endogenously synthesized proteins during infection. This is accomplished by culturing virus-infected cells with stable isotope-labeled amino acids that are expected to be anchor residues (i.e. residues of the peptide that have amino acid side chains that bind into pockets lining the peptide-binding groove of the MHC class I molecule) for the human leukocyte antigen allele of interest. Subsequently these cells are mixed with an equal number of non-infected cells, which are cultured in normal medium. Finally peptides are acid-eluted from immunoprecipitated MHC molecules and subjected to two-dimensional nanoscale LC-MS analysis. Virus-induced peptides are identified through computer-assisted detection of characteristic, binomially distributed ratios of labeled and unlabeled molecules. Using this approach we identified novel measles virus and respiratory syncytial virus epitopes as well as infection-induced self-peptides in several cell types, showing that SITE is a unique and versatile method for unequivocal identification of disease-related MHC class I epitopes

The role of impulsivity in addictive behavior

This chapter aims to describe the relationship between addiction and impulsivity and related personality traits, to improve our understanding of the development of addictive behaviors, and to describe potential approaches for clinicians and researchers to improve addiction treatment outcomes. We will use the terms ‘addiction’ or ‘addictive behaviors’ to include SUDs and behavioral addictions, although most of the cited research pertains to SUDs