Une méthodologie pour l'étude des situations de contact

L'étude des processus d'identification en situation de contact porte sur la façon dont une culture réagit aux perturbations créées par le contact. Ce texte clôt la présentation d'études de cas guidées par une ou plusieurs des interrogations suivantes : - Comment un sujet perçoit-il l'Autre à partir de lui-même et de sa propre culture ? - Comment les sujets évaluent-ils la différence / la ressemblance entre leur culture et celle des Autres ? - Comment cette prise de conscience individuelle modifie-t-elle collectivement la culture ? - Comment la collectivité culturelle prend-elle conscience d'elle-même à travers la diversité de l'Autre et du traitement qu'elle fait de cette différence ? - Enfin, comment le regard porté par l'Autre (ou plutôt par les Autres en tant que sujets porteurs d'une culture différente) sur elle, affecte ou non la perception que cette culture a d'elle-même ? Cette étude finale reprend de façon plus théorique la confrontation de nos méthodes et de nos problématiques à partir de ce qu'en disent nos disciplines (anthropologie, linguistique, ethnomusicologie, psychanalyse) et à propos des objets d'études qui nous étaient propres. Il s'agit, dans ce chapitre, de rendre compte de la progression interdisciplinaire de notre réflexion commune et de nos discussions, d'en concrétiser les étapes et les résultats aussi loin que faire se peut à ce stade de notre réflexion. La confrontation des savoirs et des études a amené les chercheurs du groupe à un travail méthodologique et théorique s'appuyant sur des convergences et cherchant à résoudre et transcender les divergences, comme dans d'autres cas de contacts. Le traitement des frontières des disciplines, leur repérage, leur maintien ou leur effacement ont produit un discours transdisciplinaire dont nous jugeons qu'il constitue un progrès pour l'étude des rapports complexes de contact entre les sujets et les cultures. Nous relevons les points importants qui doivent obligatoirement être pris en compte lors de l'étude d'une situation de contact, présentons une première typologie comparée des situations de contact et des phénomènes d'emprunt, décrivons les processus et dynamiques en jeu et en proposons une explication. Nous extrayons enfin de la lecture croisée des études de cas une modélisation provisoire de l'identification du sujet à sa culture, utile au paramétrage des situations de contact

The Perception of Students and Teachers on the Integration Programme of Students with Visual Impairment in Secondary Schools: A Case of Ainamoi Sub County, Kericho County, Kenya

The significance of blindness for a child’s development depends on many variable factors. A blind child who does not suffer from additional disabilities, who is well cared for by parents and is helped to compensate for his sensory loss is able to develop very much as others do. Different people have different perceptions on disability and for this case visual impairment. This study sought to establish the perception of students and teachers on the integration programme of students with visual impairment in secondary schools.  The study was carried out in Ainamoi sub county, Kericho County, Kenya.  A case study design method was used. The data collecting techniques included questionnaires, focus group discussion and document analysis. A total of 200 respondents participated in the study and data was analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods.  The findings revealed that majority of the students had a positive perception of the policy of integration. This is attributed to the fact that some visually impaired students actually excel in class far much better than their sighted peers. However, those who negated this view cited a number of challenges that are experienced by the visually impaired students.   Nonetheless, the teachers differ significantly with the student perception and attitudes towards the policy of integration. The reasons given are enormous and it emanates right from the fact that majority of them had not only been sensitized but that they do not have the required skills to handle the students who are visually impaired. Keywords: Perception, Visually Impaired Students, Teachers, Integration Programme

Odontoestomatología de precisión para la rehabilitación oral implantosoportada: propuesta de una herramienta de predicción del éxito del implante

Tesis por compendio de publicaciones.[EN] This doctoral thesis aims to take the first steps towards the creation of a protocol to be followed in cases of implant-supported oral rehabilitation, which complies with the assumptions of precision medicine. Considering the aim and transversality of precision medicine, it is imperative to create protocols that aim to respond to its assumptions, ideally through the application of AI algorithms and omics methodologies such as biomarkers. The specific objectives of this thesis were: 1) to review the literature on bioinformatics (artificial intelligence and omic sciences), addressing the state of the art of how its have been used to predict the success of dental implants; 2) to review how the molecular point-of-care (PoC) tests currently available can help in the early detection of peri-implant diseases; 3) to identify a test kit commercially available and approved on European Union that are already been validated to function with peri-implantitis biomarkers and that use oral fluid to diagnose; 4) to investigate dentists' perception of the implementation of a tool to support peri-implant risk assessment; 5) to create a usability test to identify improvements that can be made to the IDRA tool and, 6) to create a proposal tool to predict the success of dental implants. [ES] Esta tesis doctoral pretende dar los primeros pasos hacia la creación de un protocolo a seguir en casos de rehabilitación oral implanto-soportada, que cumpla con los supuestos de la medicina de precisión. Teniendo en cuenta la finalidad y transversalidad de la medicina de precisión, es imperativo crear protocolos que pretendan dar respuesta a sus supuestos, idealmente mediante la aplicación de algoritmos de IA y metodologías ómicas como los biomarcadores. Los objetivos específicos de esta tesis fueron: 1) revisar la literatura sobre bioinformática (inteligencia artificial y ciencias ómicas), abordando el estado del arte de cómo se han utilizado para predecir el éxito de los implantes dentales; 2) revisar cómo los test moleculares point-of-care (PoC) actualmente disponibles pueden ayudar en la detección precoz de enfermedades periimplantarias; 3) identificar un kit de pruebas disponible comercialmente y aprobado en la Unión Europea que ya haya sido validado para funcionar con biomarcadores de periimplantitis y que utilice fluidos orales para el diagnóstico; 4) investigar la percepción de los dentistas sobre la implementación de una herramienta para apoyar la evaluación del riesgo periimplantario; 5) crear una prueba de utilidad para identificar las mejoras que se pueden realizar en la herramienta IDRA y, 6) crear una propuesta de herramienta para predecir el éxito de los implantes dentales

Elucidating the Germanium Distribution in ITQ-13 Zeolites by Density Functional Theory

ITQ-13 is a medium-pore zeolite that can be prepared in all-silica form and as silicogermanate with Si/Ge ratios as low as 3. Usually synthesised in the presence of fluoride, ITQ-13 is among the very few systems containing fluoride anions in two distinct cage types, cube-like d4r units and [4 ⋅ 56 ] cages. Here, dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to investigate the energetically most favourable Ge distributions for Si/Ge ratios between 55 and 6. The calculations show Ge atoms are incorporated at both the corners of d4r cages and at the basal plane of the [4 ⋅ 56 ] cages, in accordance with 19 F NMR spectroscopy. Two Ge atoms at adjacent corners of [4 ⋅ 56 ] cages are stable at the highest Ge content considered (Si/Ge=6). Such a local environment has not yet been considered in the experimental literature. A calculation of the corresponding 19 F NMR resonance points to overlap with other resonances, which might preclude its clear identification. Additional calculations investigate the variation of the dynamic behaviour of the fluoride anions as a function of the local environment as well as the selective defluorination of the [4 ⋅ 56 ] cages.publishe

Papel del láser de diodo en la terapia fotodinámica como complemento del tratamiento convencional de la periodontitis

Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Odontologí

Efeitos dos contracetivos orais combinados na saúde oral feminina : estabelecimento de métodos moleculares para diagnóstico precoce

Introdução: O uso de contracetivos orais gera níveis séricos elevados de progesterona e estrogénios, cujos recetores específicos também se encontram em tecidos orais, podendo desta forma exercer alterações no estado de saúde oral da mulher. A utilização de aparelho ortodôntico pelas mulheres, ao poder comprometer uma eficiente higienização oral, pode eventualmente constituir um fator adicional para a ativação dos mecanismos de resposta imunológica. Encontrar soluções de diagnóstico molecular facilitará a avaliação precoce e o acompanhamento de desequilíbrios da saúde oral. Objetivos: Estratégias de avaliação global de perfis moleculares em saliva permitem caracterizar estados de saúde e de evolução para a doença. A caracterização do perfil total de proteínas presentes na saliva, em fases do ciclo hormonal em mulheres com toma de contracetivos combinados em portadoras e não portadoras de aparelho ortodôntico, permitirá: 1- Estabelecer se há proteínas diferentemente expressas na saliva ao longo do ciclo hormonal e se estas permitem caracterizar fases do ciclo; 2- Estabelecer se a utilização de aparelho ortodôntico induz alterações na expressão de proteínas ao longo do ciclo e se é possível identificar proteínas relacionadas com alterações da resposta imune; 3- Validar a ferramenta SalivaPrint Toolkit, para identificar a fase do ciclo hormonal em indivíduos portadores e não portadores de aparelho ortodôntico. Materiais e Métodos: Recolha e processamento de saliva em mulheres com terapia hormonal contracetiva combinada, em portadoras e em não portadoras de aparelho ortodôntico. A determinação dos perfis totais de proteínas foi realizada por eletroforese capilar em micro-chips. A identificação das proteínas representadas pelo perfil de eletroforese foi obtida através da base de dados SalivaTecDB. Os mecanismos moleculares em que participam as proteínas selecionadas foram determinados com recurso a ferramentas bioinformáticas. Resultados: Foram recolhidas amostras de saliva a 32 mulheres saudáveis, 17 portadoras de aparelho ortodôntico e 15 não portadoras de aparelho ortodôntico. A análise estatística dos parâmetros salivares e clínicos mostraram não existirem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os 2 grupos. A comparação dos perfis totais de proteínas demonstra diferenças na expressão de proteínas ao longo do ciclo hormonal. O mesmo se verifica no perfil de expressão de proteínas entre as populações portadoras e não portadoras de aparelho ortodôntico. Foram também identificadas proteínas as Kallikrein, implicadas em diversos processos fisiológicos e patológicos e que podem vir a constituir importantes biomarcadores para avaliar a saúde oral com fases do ciclo hormonal. Conclusões: Foram pela primeira vez estabelecidas estratégias moleculares, nomeadamente a utilização do perfil total de proteínas presentes na saliva, para avaliar alterações da saúde oral eventualmente decorrentes da toma de terapia hormonal contracetiva combinada. Os resultados do trabalho permitiram também estabelecer uma estratégia molecular que permite a avaliação da saúde oral em mulheres portadoras de aparelho ortodôntico e que estejam com terapia hormonal contracetiva combinada.Introduction: The use of oral contraceptives generates elevated serum levels of progesterone and estrogens, whose specific receptors are also found in oral tissues, and may therefore alter the woman's oral health status. The use of orthodontic appliances by women, because they can compromise an efficient oral hygiene, may eventually be an additional factor for the activation of immune response mechanisms. Finding molecular diagnostic solutions will facilitate the early assessment and monitoring of oral health imbalances. Objectives: Strategies of global assessment of molecular profiles in saliva allow to characterize health status and evolution for the disease. The characterization of the total protein profile present in the saliva, in phases of the hormonal cycle in women with combined contraceptives in carriers and without orthodontic appliance, will allow: 1 - To establish if there are proteins differently expressed in the saliva throughout the hormonal cycle and if they allow to characterize phases of the cycle; 2- Establish if the use of orthodontic appliance induces changes in the expression of proteins along the cycle and if it is possible to identify proteins related to alterations of the immune response; 3- Validate the tool SalivaPrint Toolkit, to identify the phase of the hormonal cycle in individuals with and without orthodontic appliances. Materials and Methods: Saliva collection and processing in women with combined contraceptive hormone therapy in patients with and without orthodontic appliances. The determination of the total protein profiles was performed by capillary electrophoresis in microchips. The identification of the proteins represented by the electrophoresis profile was obtained through the SalivaTecDB database. The molecular mechanisms in which the selected proteins participate were determined using bioinformatic tools. Results: Saliva samples were collected from 32 healthy women, 17 with orthodontic appliances and 15 without orthodontic appliances. Statistical analysis of salivary and clinical parameters showed no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups. Comparison of total protein profiles demonstrates differences in protein expression throughout the hormonal cycle. The same happens in the protein expression profile between the groups with and without orthodontic appliance. Also identified were kallikreins, implicated in various physiological and pathological processes and which may constitute important biomarkers to evaluate oral health with phases of the hormonal cycle. Conclusions: For the first time molecular strategies were established, namely the use of the total protein profile present in the saliva, to evaluate changes in oral health, possibly resulting from combined contraceptive hormone therapy. The results of the study also allowed the establishment of a molecular strategy that allows the evaluation of oral health in women with orthodontic appliances and who are undergoing combined contraceptive hormone therapy

Usability testing of the implant disease risk assessment IDRA, a tool for preventing peri-implant disease: a protocol design

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Dentists’ perceptions and usability testing of the Implant Disease Risk Assessment IDRA, a tool for preventing peri-implant disease: a qualitative study

Introduction: we aimed to explore dentists’ perceptions toward the implementation of a dental informatics risk assessment tool which estimates the risk for a patient to develop peri-implantitis. Materials and Methods: the Implant Disease Risk Assessment Tool (IDRA) was presented to a convenience sample of seven dentists working in a university clinic, whom were asked to use IDRA with the information of three clinical cases whilst thinking aloud and then fill the System Usability Scale (SUS). A semi-structured interview technique was used with audio record to allow free expression of participants’ perceptions related to the IDRA. The interviews information was categorized and analyzed by the authors. Results: to our knowledge, this is the first study conducted to develop a qualitative usability test of IDRA, evaluating the effectiveness, efficiency, and users’ satisfaction. There were more variations in responses the greater the degree of complexity of the clinical case. Generally, the participants classified the tool as good, getting usability values of 77,2 (SD 19,8) and learnability 73,2 (SD 24,5). Conclusion: four additional factors should be considered to improve IDRA tool: 1) considering the relation between contour angle and peri‐implant tissue height; 2) automatic periodontal classification in the IDRA tool after completing the periodontogram in the clinical software; 3) presentation of a flow chart to assist therapeutic decisions alongside the final score defined by the IDRA tool; 4) integrating of precision tests such as Implantsafe® DR (dentognostics gmbh, Jena) and Oralyzer®(dentognostics gmbh, Jena). Clinical Significance: etiology and pathogenesis of peri-implant diseases is multifactorial. These tools must follow a natural integration to be easily applied in a clinical setting. It is important to study their usability from the clinicians’ point of view, evaluating the effectiveness, efficiency, and users’ satisfaction.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

A comunicação estratégica na indústria farmacêutica: Bial, um estudo de caso

Dissertação de mestrado em Ciências da Comunicação (área de especialização em Publicidade e Relações Públicas)A presente investigação – a realizar no âmbito do Mestrado em Ciências da Comunicação, na área de Publicidade e Relações Públicas – propõe-se a analisar a importância da comunicação estratégica na indústria farmacêutica, tendo como objeto de estudo concreto o caso Bial, o maior grupo farmacêutico nacional e principal a nível ibérico. Devido à minuciosa regulamentação a que o setor farmacêutico se encontra atualmente sujeito, são, pois, manifestas as limitações que se impõem ao nível da comunicação do medicamento. Desta feita, considerou-se pertinente perceber quais as práticas usadas pelo setor, a fim de estabelecer uma sólida comunicação com o seu público-alvo. Começamos por estudar o universo da comunicação estratégica na sociedade atual. Os indivíduos têm vindo a alterar os seus estilos de vida e os seus hábitos de consumo. Assim, é peremptório que marcas e organizações estejam atentas às novas tendências e não se centrem apenas na dimensão social do seu campo de atuação, tentando ir de encontro ao lado afetivo dos consumidores, uma vez que estes vivem em mundos emocionais. A comunicação em saúde também tem vindo a adquirir cada vez mais importância na educação para a saúde, com vista a consciencializar o utente para a prática de estilos de vida mais saudáveis. E este novo paradigma acaba por surtir efeitos e mudanças também ao nível da comunicação da indústria farmacêutica, obrigando-a a adaptar-se e a alterar a forma como comunica com o consumidor. O pressuposto de que partimos e que se pretendeu, então, ver averiguado foi o de que, estando a comunicação de produto sujeita a uma regulamentação profundamente restrita, a comunicação institucional adquiria, assim, acrescida importância, no sentido de compensar as falhas ao nível do relacionamento com o público-alvo. Objetivou-se, assim, perceber (1) quais as estratégias usadas pelo setor farmacêutico para chegar ao consumidor final, (2) como este as coloca em prática, de forma a tornar mais sólida a relação que mantém com o seu públicoalvo e (3) se as organizações cultivam boas práticas de comunicação estratégica.This research – conducted under the Master in Communication Sciences, in the area of Advertising and Public Relations – proposes to examine the importance of strategic communication in the pharmaceutical industry, having Bial, the largest national pharmaceutical group and the main at the Iberian level, as the object of study. Due to strict rules to which the pharmaceutical industry is currently subject, obvious limitations are imposed on the drug’s communication. Therefore, it is relevant to understand which practices are being used by the industry, in order to establish a solid communication to with the target audience. We begin by studying the universe of strategic communication in today’s society. Individuals have been changing their lifestyles and consumption habits. Thus, it is imperative that brands and organizations are aware of the new trends and not focus only on the social dimension oh their field, trying to meet the consumers’ affective side, since they live in emotional worlds. The health communication has become increasingly important in health education, raising awareness among the patients to practice healthier lifestyles. This new paradigm also has an effect in the way how the pharmaceutical industry communicates, forcing it to adapt and change the way it communicates with the consumer. The assumption that we want to examine is that, as the product communication is subject to deeply restrictive rules, institutional communication has acquired increased importance, compensating the lack of relationship with the audience. Therefore, the goal is to understand (1) which strategies are used by the pharmaceutical industry to reach the final consumer, (2) how are these strategies put into practice, in order to build a stronger relationship with the target-audience and (3) if organizations are growing good practices of strategic communication