Using food processing plant waste on fields (1990)

Food processors, such as dairy processing plants, are pretreating processing wastes to reduce waste loads discharged to municipal treatment plants. Many of these food processors have installed waste treatment facilities. These facilities may generate sludges that can benefit farmers when used as a liming material or as a nutrient additive to fields. Sludge or biomass from treatment at dairy plants contains microbial matter, water and some minerals. The microbial matter contains nitrogen and phosphorus, which are usable plant nutrients that can benefit agriculture instead of just being landfill waste. This guide, based on MU research, provides information on using the waste or lime stabilized biomass (LSB) from food processing plants for liming fields.New 7/90/7M

Herbicide-Resistant Soybeans in Arkansas: Lessons Learned and Future Direction

In Arkansas Delta soybean production, glyphosate resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth has significantly impacted weed management. The incidence of herbicide resistant (HR) weeds has farreaching crop science, economic, and communications implications, which have been explored by the corresponding expertise of our research team members to form a comprehensive literature review. The review was used to develop policy recommendations to address current and future HR genetically modified (GM) crop use and the associated issues. The review of crop science research indicated an overall increase in herbicide application, as well as an increase in weed management programs focused around glyphosate rather than the application of multiple herbicides. The review also revealed some management methods have potential to resolve the problem, including alternating herbicide application, avoiding sub-lethal rates, using “burn down” herbicides prior to planting, crop rotation, tillage, and zero tolerance weed policies. The use of fewer herbicides rather than multiple types creates a monopolistic edge for the companies producing those few herbicides, allowing greater market control. Crisis communication methods, including developing internal readiness, conducting needs assessments, developing a relevant message, and conveying the message through appropriate channels, can be used to develop a response to the issue that will best communicate necessary information to the target audience. The team used these findings to formulate policy recommendations, which include management, economic, and communication plans that may provide a starting point to address the issue

Web-based counseling for problem gambling: exploring motivations and recommendations

Background:For highly stigmatized disorders, such as problem gambling, Web-based counseling has the potential to&nbsp;address common barriers to treatment, including issues of shame and stigma. Despite the exponential&nbsp;growth in the uptake of immediate synchronous Web-based counseling (ie, provided without&nbsp;appointment), little is known about why people choose this service over other modes of treatment.Objective:The aim of the current study was to determine motivations for choosing and recommending Web-based&nbsp;counseling over telephone or face-to-face services.Methods:The study involved 233 Australian participants who had completed an online counseling session for&nbsp;problem gambling on the Gambling Help Online website between November 2010 and February 2012.&nbsp;Participants were all classified as problem gamblers, with a greater proportion of males (57.4%) and&nbsp;60.4% younger than 40 years of age. Participants completed open-ended questions about their reasons&nbsp;for choosing online counseling over other modes (ie, face-to-face and telephone), as well as reasons for&nbsp;recommending the service to others.Results:A content analysis revealed 4 themes related to confidentiality/anonymity (reported by 27.0%),&nbsp;convenience/accessibility (50.9%), service system access (34.2%), and a preference for the therapeutic&nbsp;medium (26.6%). Few participants reported helpful professional support as a reason for accessing&nbsp;counseling online, but 43.2% of participants stated that this was a reason for recommending the service.Those older than 40 years were more likely than younger people in the sample to use Web-based&nbsp;counseling as an entry point into the service system (&lt;italic&gt;P&lt;/italic&gt;=.045), whereas those engaged in&nbsp;nonstrategic gambling (eg, machine gambling) were more likely to access online counseling as an entry&nbsp;into the service system than those engaged in strategic gambling (ie, cards, sports;&nbsp;&lt;italic&gt;P&lt;/italic&gt;=.01). Participants older than 40 years were more likely to recommend the service&nbsp;because of its potential for confidentiality and anonymity (&lt;italic&gt;P&lt;/italic&gt;=.04), whereas those&nbsp;younger than 40 years were more likely to recommend the service due to it being helpful&nbsp;(&lt;italic&gt;P&lt;/italic&gt;=.02).Conclusions:This study provides important information about why online counseling for gambling is attractive to&nbsp;people with problem gambling, thereby informing the development of targeted online programs,&nbsp;campaigns, and promotional material.</div

Profiling and putative aroma biomarker identification for flavor in potatoes using a trained sensory panel and HS-SPME GC-MS

2017 Spring.Includes bibliographical references.Flavor is the synthesis of taste and aroma sensations. The taste fraction of flavor, including salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and savory, refers to non-volatile chemical compounds that are detected by epithelial cells in the mouth. The aroma fraction encompasses volatile or semi-volatile chemical compounds that are sensed by nerve cells within the olfactory system, particularly during the chewing process, initiating a multitude of sensations such as earthy, floral, or fruity. Flavor may also be influenced by texture, sound, appearance, or personal preference, resulting in an inherently complex phenotypic trait that is difficult to assess. Cooked flavor profiling of fifteen fresh market potato clones (Solanum tuberosum, L.) using sensory analysis paired to aroma compound analysis reveals potential biomarkers for flavor phenotyping. Trained sensory panelists described extensive, significant sensory differences between potatoes including bitter, buttery, creamy, earthy, fruity, off-flavors other than bitter, potato-like flavor, sweet, woody, appearance, aroma intensity, mealy texture, and overall quality (mixed model ANOVA, α=0.05, n=17-38 ratings x 15 clones). Non-targeted volatile metabolomics with headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HS-SPME GC-MS) facilitated identification of 42 unique metabolites with significant variation across samples (ANOVA, α=0.05, n=5 technical replicates x 14-15 clones x 2 cooking methods). Based on Spearman's rank correlations, hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), and principal component analysis (PCA), potential biomarkers for buttery, a positive flavor attribute, are aldehydes 1-nonanal, benzaldehyde, (E)-2-heptenal, pentanal, 2-phenylacetaldehyde, the alcohol (Z)-2-methyl-2-penten-1-ol, and 5-methyl-2-hexanone, a ketone. Other positive flavor attributes, sweet and potato-like flavor, are related to benzoate-3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, 2-ethylfuran, and 3,4,5-trimethyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one. Potential biomarkers for negative flavor attributes are also implicated. Additionally, some sensory and aroma compound differences occur between baked versus boiled potatoes. Flavor biomarkers may play a key role in achieving flavor quality improvement through breeding and selection

Collected Wisdom on Selecting Leaders and Managing MDLs

Today, nearly one out of every two new suits filed in federal civil court is part of a multidistrict litigation (MDL). Initially designed to organize antitrust cases against electrical equipment manufacturers, MDL’s adaptability and minimal requirements made it the preferred approach for coordinating pretrial process for all manner of cases, from securities, employment, intellectual property, and antitrust to sales practices, common disasters, and products liability. Yet, the simplicity of MDL’s technical requirements—that cases are pending in different districts and share a common factual question—belie the complexity of the proceedings themselves. Governed principally by insiders’ unwritten but longstanding norms, both newly-appointed MDL judges and lawyers with cases suddenly swept up in MDL may find themselves in unfamiliar waters. For those both old and new to this burgeoning world, we have collected case-management wisdom from judges handling the thorniest of MDLs: products-liability proceedings with over 500 cases. Consider this article an insider’s guide on how to navigate the critical first step—appointing lead attorneys. We also offer best-practice tips on permitting dissent and objections, heading off meritless cases, developing future stars, keeping lawyers fiscally responsible, progressing cases, maintaining transparency, and seeking help from magistrate judges versus special masters

Influence of organic groundcovers on mycorrhizal colonization and symbiosis of organically managed fruit crops

Ground covers have the potential to impact the crop rhizosphere biology, which includes organisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which in turn affect the crop host plant through symbiosis. There has been evidence that a ground cover that provides a suitable environment for colonization of AMF and subsequent symbiosis could be a tool in organic fruit production. The objective of this research was to compare colonization of AMF in strawberry plant (Frageria x ananassa cv. Radiance) and apple rootstocks (Malus x domestica, cv. M. 26) grown in a greenhouse affected by various ground cover treatments. Inoculation was achieved by mixing BioOrganics™ Endomycorrhizal Inoculant directly into soilless media according to label rates. Following a dormancy period, plants were treated with one of the following ground cover treatments: 1) city-generated urban green-compost (GC), 2) shredded white paper, 3) urban refuse wood chips or 4) an untreated control. The GC ground cover significantly increased percent colonization of AMF compared to other ground covers; however, AMF infection did not affect plant biomass, root volume, root surface area, root diameter, or leaf area. The AMF suppressed root length; plants inoculated with AMF had shorter roots but similar root volume to compared to non-inoculated plants. The GC treatment may have disproportionately contributed more nutrition by media composition of a smaller particle size and a decreased lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose content compared to other ground cover treatments. Though the ground covers in this study had no effect on symbiotic AMF benefits, long-term studies with mature host plants could reveal a correlation between ground cover media and symbiosis

Kroppsøvingsfaget i skolen som helsefremmende arena: hvordan opplever elever og lærere på 10. trinn kroppsøvingsfaget?

NORSK: Studiens hensikt har vært å få kunnskap om hvordan elever og lærere på 10. trinn opplever kroppsøvingsfaget. Faget er obligatorisk for alle elever i den norske skolen, og skal i følge læreplan inspirere til en fysisk aktiv livsstil og livslang bevegelsesglede. Studien har følgende problemstilling: I hvilken grad opplever elever og lærere på 10. trinn at kroppsøvingsfaget er med på å legge grunnlaget for en fysisk aktiv og helsefremmende livsstil? Teorigrunnlaget for studien er relevant litteratur om helsefremmende arbeid og kroppsøvingsfaget i skolen. For å belyse problemstillingen er det benyttet individuelt intervju som metode. Det er gjennomført 24 intervjuer med elever og kroppsøvingslærere på 10. trinn ved tre skoler. Dataene er analysert i tråd med Malteruds (2011) innholdsanalyse. Funnene viser at det kan være flere faktorer som er avgjørende for om informantene opplever at faget bidrar til en fysisk aktiv og helsefremmende livsstil. God kommunikasjon mellom lærer og elev trekkes av flere frem som en viktig faktor. Spesielt gjelder dette formidling av kompetansemålene i faget. I hvilken grad elevene mener de lærer noe er av betydning for hvordan de vurderer faget. Det samme er i hvilken grad informantene opplever at kunnskap fra faget har overføringsverdi til andre arenaer. Hvordan informantene opplever fagets status ved skolen påvirker også hvordan faget oppleves. På bakgrunn av analyse og drøfting av funn i studien synes det å være variasjon i hvordan informantene vurderer kroppsøvingsfaget. Det er grunn til å anta at elevene ved en skole i større grad enn elevene ved de to andre skolene, opplever at faget er med på å legge grunnlaget for en fysisk aktiv og helsefremmende livsstil. Alle lærerne som er intervjuet mener faget i høy grad er med på å bidra til en fysisk aktiv og helsefremmende livsstil. Helsefremmende arbeid med ungdom er viktig blant annet for å forebygge og redusere muskel- og skjelettplager. Det er ikke nok å kvalitetssikre formål og kompetansemål i kroppsøvingsfaget, men også lærernes formidling av disse. Funn fra denne studien kan være interessante i videre arbeid med helsefremmende tiltak for ungdom, og i videre forskning på kroppsøvingsfaget.ENGLISH: The subject of physical education is compulsory for all pupils in the Norwegian elementary school, and shall, according to the education bill, inspire to a physically active lifestyle and a lifelong joy of exercising. The purpose of this project has been to gain knowledge about how the pupils and teachers in the 10'th grade experience the subject of physical education, and how it is forming the basis of a physically active and healthy lifestyle The theory behind the project consists of relevant literature on health promoting work, in addition to literature explaining and describing the subject of physical education. To be able to discuss and investigate the project goals, individual interviews have been conducted. A total of 24 interviews have been done, with pupils and teachers at three different schools. The data has been analyzed according to Malteruds (2011) content analysis guidelines. The discoveries show that there can be several decisive factors on whether the informants experience the subject contributes to a physically active and health promoting lifestyle. Good communication between the teacher and pupil is a factor mentioned by several. The perception the pupils have on whether they are learning something, is a key factor on how they are rating the subject. The same applies to how the informants experience how knowledge obtained from the subject, is transferrable to other arenas. How the informants experience the popularity of the subject at the school also plays a role in how the individual is experiencing the subject of physical education. Based on analysis and discussions of findings in this project, it seems to be a high degree of variation in how the informants consider physical education. There are reasons to believe that pupils at one school, to a larger degree than the two others schools, experience that the subject is an important part of building the basis for a physically active and health promoting lifestyle. All the teachers included in the interviews, believe the subject highly contributes to an improved and active health promoting lifestyle. Youth often suffer from muscle and skeleton ailments due to physically growing up, and health promoting work among youth is important to help them better come through this phase. This project will hopefully assist in further work within health promoting work for youth, in addition to continued research on the subject of physical education

Muligheter, utfordringer og forutsetninger ved bruk av historisk empati. Hvordan legge til rette for historisk empati i historieundervisningen på ungdomstrinnet?

I denne masteroppgaven er det sett nærmere på hvilket potensial som ligger i det å benytte historisk empati i historieundervisningen. For å besvare forskningsprosjektets problemstilling ble det utarbeidet to forskningsspørsmål som har tatt for seg muligheter og utfordringer som historisk empati kan gi, og hvilke forutsetninger som bør være til stede for å utnytte potensialet ved bruk av historisk empati i historieundervisningen. Det ble benyttet et kvalitativt studie med intervju av fem samfunnsfagslærere for å besvare forskningsspørsmålene, i tillegg til et relevant litteraturstudie av eksisterende forskning. Forskningsprosjektet er avgrenset til å kun fokusere på den potensielle gevinsten som kan fremkomme ved utvikling av historisk empati som et tiltak for å øke kvaliteten på studiet. Forskningsprosjektet i denne oppgaven avdekker de sentrale mulighetene ved å innføre historisk empati historieundervisningen. Det kom frem at de mest sentrale mulighetene ved innføring av historisk empati i historieundervisningen er at det gir elevene en dypere forståelse for historiske kontekster og at det kan bidra til å utdanne aktive medborgere som kan bidra til demokratiets videreutvikling. De største utfordringene som ble identifisert var tvetydigheten ved historisk empati, og at det mangler et rammeverk for hvordan lærere kan tilpasse undervisningen slik at elevene kan utvikle historisk empati. I lys av informantenes svar og tidligere forskning ble det utformet seks forutsetninger for å utnytte potensialet ved bruk av historisk empati i historieundervisningen. Det er derfor som en del av forskningsprosjektet utformet et rammeverk som skal være tilpasset lærere som jobber med historieundervisning i norsk skole. Rammeverket er strukturert som en iterativ prosess med seks kognitiv-affektive elementer som legger til rette for utvikling av historisk empati. Det som skiller dette rammeverket fra tidligere rammeverk er at elementene er strukturert i en prosess, noe som systematiserer og forenkler bruken for lærerne. Forskningsprosjektet fører med seg helt ny kunnskap og forståelse for potensialet i økt bruk av historisk empati. Videre oppfordres det på grunnlag av alle fordelene som kommer frem i oppgaven å forske videre på historisk empati, da dette kan ha en sentral rolle i å virkelig forbedre historieundervisningen.The title of this master's thesis is “Opportunities, challenges, and prerequisites in using historical empathy. How to facilitate historical empathy in history education at the secondary school level?”. In this master's thesis, a closer look is taken at what potential lies in using historical empathy in history teaching. To answer the research project's problem statement, two research questions were developed, which addressed the possibilities and challenges that historical empathy can provide, as well as the prerequisites that should be in place to exploit the potential of using historical empathy in history education. A qualitative study with interviews of five social studies teachers was used to answer the research questions, in addition to a relevant literature study of existing research. The research project is limited to focusing only on the potential benefits that can arise from the development of historical empathy as a measure to improve the quality of education. The research project in this thesis reveals the key opportunities of introducing historical empathy in history education. It was found that the central benefits of incorporating historical empathy in history education are providing students with a deeper understanding of historical contexts and fostering the development of active citizens who can contribute to the further advancement of democracy. The main challenges identified include the ambiguity surrounding the concept of historical empathy and the lack of a framework to guide teachers in adapting their instruction to cultivate historical empathy in students. In light of the participants' responses and previous research, six prerequisites were formulated to harness the potential of using historical empathy in history education. As part of the research project, a framework tailored for teachers in Norwegian schools was developed. The framework is structured as an iterative process with six cognitive-affective elements that facilitate the development of historical empathy. What sets this framework apart from previous ones is the systematic progression of the elements, which simplifies and streamlines its implementation for teachers. The research project brings forth brand new knowledge and understanding of the potential in increased utilization of historical empathy. Furthermore, based on all the advantages highlighted in the thesis, there is an encouragement to further research on historical empathy, as it can play a pivotal role in truly enhancing history education

The Ketogenic Diet Suppresses the Cathepsin E Expression Induced by Kainic Acid in the Rat Brain

*These authors equally contributed to this work. ∙The authors have no financial conflicts of interest. Purpose: The ketogenic diet has long been used to treat epilepsy, but its mechanism is not yet clearly understood. To explore the potential mechanism, we analyzed the changes in gene expression induced by the ketogenic diet in the rat kainic acid (KA) epilepsy model. Materials and Methods: KA-administered rats were fed the ketogenic diet or a normal diet for 4 weeks, and microarray analysis was performed with their brain tissues. The effects of the ketogenic diet on cathepsin E messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression were analyzed in KA-administered and normal saline-administered groups with semi-quantitative and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Brain tissues were dissected into 8 regions to compare differential effects of the ketogenic diet on cathepsin E mRNA expression. Immunohistochemistry with an anti-cathepsin E antibody was performed on slide