L'auto-détermination: intégration de la théorie à la pratique professionnelle : comment les professionnels mettent en œuvre les principes de l'autodétermination et de la motivation auprès des résidents ?

Ce Travail de Bachelor tente de mettre en lien la théorie de l’autodétermination et la théorie de la motivation avec la réalité du terrain, c’est-à-dire les concepts institutionnels, les outils à disposition, les contraintes institutionnelles, l’hétérogénéité des personnes accompagnées, etc

Nanomanufacturing of titania interfaces with controlled structural and functional properties by supersonic cluster beam deposition

Great emphasis is placed on the development of integrated approaches for the synthesis and the characterization of ad hoc nanostructured platforms, to be used as templates with controlled morphology and chemical properties for the investigation of specific phenomena of great relevance for technological applications in interdisciplinary fields such as biotechnology, medicine and advanced materials. Here we discuss the crucial role and the advantages of thin film deposition strategies based on cluster-assembling from supersonic cluster beams. We select cluster-assembled nanostructured titania (ns-TiO2) as a case study to demonstrate that accurate control over morphological parameters can be routinely achieved, and consequently over several relevant interfacial properties and phenomena, like surface charging in a liquid electrolyte, and proteins and nanoparticles adsorption

The "Abdominal Circulatory Pump": An Auxiliary Heart during Exercise?

Apart from its role as a flow generator for ventilation the diaphragm has a circulatory role. The cyclical abdominal pressure variations from its contractions cause swings in venous return from the splanchnic venous circulation. During exercise the action of the abdominal muscles may enhance this circulatory function of the diaphragm. Eleven healthy subjects (25 ± 7 year, 70 ± 11 kg, 1.78 ± 0.1 m, 3 F) performed plantar flexion exercise at ~4 METs. Changes in body volume (ΔVb) and trunk volume (ΔVtr) were measured simultaneously by double body plethysmography. Volume of blood shifts between trunk and extremities (Vbs) was determined non-invasively as ΔVtr-ΔVb. Three types of breathing were studied: spontaneous (SE), rib cage (RCE, voluntary emphasized inspiratory rib cage breathing), and abdominal (ABE, voluntary active abdominal expiration breathing). During SE and RCE blood was displaced from the extremities into the trunk (on average 0.16 ± 0.33 L and 0.48 ± 0.55 L, p < 0.05 SE vs. RCE), while during ABE it was displaced from the trunk to the extremities (0.22 ± 0.20 L p < 0.001, p < 0.05 RCE and SE vs. ABE respectively). At baseline, Vbs swings (maximum to minimum amplitude) were bimodal and averaged 0.13 ± 0.08 L. During exercise, Vbs swings consistently increased (0.42 ± 0.34 L, 0.40 ± 0.26 L, 0.46 ± 0.21 L, for SE, RCE and ABE respectively, all p < 0.01 vs. baseline). It follows that during leg exercise significant bi-directional blood shifting occurs between the trunk and the extremities. The dynamics and partitioning of these blood shifts strongly depend on the relative predominance of the action of the diaphragm, the rib cage and the abdominal muscles. Depending on the partitioning between respiratory muscles for the act of breathing, the distribution of blood between trunk and extremities can vary by up to 1 L. We conclude that during exercise the abdominal muscles and the diaphragm might play a role of an "auxiliary heart.

A Library Approach to the Development of BenzaPhos, Highly Efficient Chiral Supramolecular Ligands for Asymmetric Hydrogenation

A library of chiral supramolecular ligands named BenzaPhos, of straightforward preparation (two steps from commercial or readily available starting materials) and modular structure, was designed and synthesized. The ligands were screened in the search of new rhodium catalysts for the enantioselective hydrogenation of several benchmark and industrially relevant substrates. Once a series of hits were identified, structural modifications were introduced on three of the best ligands and a small second-generation library was created. Members of the latter showed outstanding levels of activity and enantioselectivity in the hydrogenation of challenging olefins such as enamide S4 and beta-dehydroamino ester S5 (> 99% ee: best value ever reported in both cases). A series of control experiments were undertaken in order to clarify the role of hydrogen bonding in determining the catalytic properties of the new ligands. The results of these experiments, together with those of computational studies carried out on four dihydride complexes involved in the catalytic hydrogenation of substrate S4, strongly suggest that a substrate orientation takes place in the catalytic cycle by formation of a hydrogen bond between the ligand amide oxygen and the substrate amide NH

Tree-ring growth and stable isotopes (13C and 15N) detect effects of wildfires on tree physiological processes in Pinus sylvestris L

Forest fires may alter the physiological and growth processes of trees by causing stress in trees and modifying the availability of soil nutrient. We investigated if, after a high-severity fire, changes in tree-ring growth can be observed, as well as changes in the nitrogen and carbon isotope composition of tree rings of surviving trees. Two wildfires that occurred in Pinus sylvestris L. stands in Northern Italy, one at the beginning and one at the end of the vegetative season, were chosen as the focus of this study. After the fires, the surviving trees showed growth suppression with very narrow tree rings or locally absent rings. The carbon isotope ratio was more negative in tree rings formed in the 5years following fire, indicating better water supply in a situation of less competition. The nitrogen isotope ratio followed opposite trends in the two wildfire stands. In trees cored in the stand where the fire happened at the beginning of the vegetative season, there was no change in the nitrogen isotope ratio, whereas in samples collected in the other fire site, higher nitrogen isotope ratios were observed in the tree rings formed after the fire, reflecting changes in the soil nitrogen supply. Modifications in the growth and isotope composition of the fire-stressed trees disappeared from 6 to 10years after the fire. By studying trees before and after fire, we were able to show that fire affects not only the growth of surviving trees, but also their physiological processe

Survivable virtual network mapping in filterless optical networks

LAUREA MAGISTRALEIl traffico di rete è in costante crescita, alimentato dalla crescente adozione di servizi a banda larga. Gli operatori di rete sono in continua ricerca di soluzioni per aumentare la capacità della rete minimizzando i costi. In questo panorama le reti ottiche filterless (FON) emergono come un'ottima soluzione per aumentare la capacità, mantenendo i costi bassi. Nelle FON, le comuni architetture ottiche di switching, rappresentate dai costosi Reconfigurable Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers (ROADMs) basati su Wavelength Selective Switches (WSS), sono sostituite da più semplici e meno costosi splitter e combiner, i quali operano sull'intero insieme di lunghezze d'onda utilizzando un approccio di switching chiamato broadcast-and-select. A causa di quest'ultimo, al loro interno è richiesta la costituzione di fiber tree in modo da prevenire la comparsa di problemi dovuti dai laser-loop. Come conseguenza, garantire la sopravvivenza nelle FON diventa più difficile, in quanto i fiber tree limitano i possibili instradamenti tra i nodi della rete e quindi, l'utilizzo di dispositivi aggiuntivi (ex. transceiver) potrebbe essere richiesta per garantire più percorsi tra i nodi della rete. In questa tesi ci siamo focalazzati sul problema di garantire Survivable Virtual Network Mapping (SVNM) nel contesto di FON. SVNM consiste nell'assengare le risorse della rete fisica a un set di link logici di un topologia virtuale (topologia logica), in modo tale da garantire la survivability della topologia logica nel caso di guasti nella topologia fisica. Siccome ogni distruzione del serivzio è motivo di grande preoccupazione, diventa cruciale avere reti virtuali che possano resitere ai guasti. Però, quando applicato alle FON, il SVNM incontra diversi problemi e il posizionamento di dispositivi aggiuntivi potrebbe essere necessario. Abbiamo investigato il problema, andando a minimizzare i costi aggiuntivi, in due scenari: 1) i filterless fiber tree sono già istituiti e sono dati in input al problema 2) i filterless fiber tree devono essere istituiti e rappresentano un output del problema. Per questo motivo, abbiamo proposto un modello di Integer Linear Programming (ILP) e, per far fronte ai problemi di scalabilità, abbiamo proposto degli approcci euristici per risolverlo in reti di grandi dimensioni. I risultati mostrano come il posizionamento di inter-tree transceiver possa essere necessario per garantire SVNM nelle FON quando la creazione dei fiber tree non è ottimizatta ma ottimizzando congiuntamente la creazione dei fiber tree e il SVNM i costi aggiuntivi della rete vengono minimizzati.Network traffic keeps steadily increasing fuelled by the growing adoption of bandwidth-hungry services. Network operators are challenged to upgrade their network capacity while minimizing the network's cost. Filterless Optical Network (FON) emerge as a cost-effective outstanding candidate solution to enhance network capacity. In FONs, common optical switching architectures, consisting of costly Reconfigurable Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers (ROADMs) based on Wavelength Selective Switches (WSS), are replaced by simpler and more cost-effective architectures, constituted by passive splitters and combiners which operate on the entire set of lightpaths using a broadcast-and-select switching approach. However, due to their broadcast-and-select nature, FONs require the establishment of fiber trees to prevent undesired laser-loop effects. Consequently, ensuring survivability becomes more challenging in FONs, as the fiber tree establishment constraints the routing possibilities between nodes, and hence, additional equipment (e.g., transceivers) might be required to guarantee multiple routes between nodes. In this thesis, we focus on the problem of Survivable Virtual Network Mapping (SVNM) in the context of FONs. SVNM consists of assigning physical network resources to a given set of logical links of a virtual network (i.e., the logical topology), such that the logical topology is survivable to failures in the physical topology. As any disruption of services is a major concern, it is crucial that virtual networks are always resilient to failures. However, when applied in FONs, the SVNM encompasses several problems and placement of additional devices may be necessary. We investigate the problems while minimizing additional cost, in terms of additional equipment cost and resource consumption, in two network scenarios: 1) filterless fiber trees are already established and given as an input to the problem and 2) filterless fiber trees need to be established and are an output of the problem. For this aim, we propose an Integer Linear Program (ILP) and then, to cope with scalability problems, we propose heuristic approaches to solve large network instances. Numerical results show that additional inter-tree transceivers may be necessary to ensure SVNM in FONs when the filterless fiber tree establishment is not optimized however when jointly optimizing SVNM and the fiber tree establishment additional network cost is minimized