Forekomst av spiseproblemer og ernæringsstatus hos premature barn : En oppfølging ved 20-måneders alder

Sammendrag Bakgrunn: I Norge fødes det årlig rundt 900 barn med svært lav fødselsvekt (< 1500 g). Stadig flere ekstremt premature barn overlever, og i dag kan man redde nyfødte helt ned i 24. svangerskapsuke. Som en konsekvens av den økte overlevelsen fødes det i dag flere barn med komplikasjoner, og det har oppstått en rekke utfordringer knyttet til ernæring av disse små barna. Erfaringsmessig opplever mange av disse problemer knyttet til spisingen/måltidet. Formål: Hovedformålet med studien har vært å beskrive forekomsten av spiseproblemer og inntaket av næringsstoffer hos en gruppe svært premature barn (fødselsvekt < 1500 gram) ved 20-måneders alder. Jeg ønsket også å undersøke andelen underernærte (definert som < 10 persentilen vekt for alder) og i hvilken grad spiseproblemer påvirket barnets vekstutvikling (vekt, lengde og hodeomkrets) og næringsinntak. Metode: Studien inkluderte 42 premature (fødselsvekt < 1500 gram) og 25 fullbårne. Forekomsten av spiseproblemer ble kartlagt blant premature og fullbårne ved å bruke et egetutviklet spørreskjema. Dataene ble lagt inn i en Access database. Data om kostholdet til de premature ble innhentet ved å benytte det semikvantitative freksvensspørreskjemaet (SFFQ) brukt i den nasjonale kostholdsundersøkelsen av 2-åringer i Norge, Småbarnskost. Kostholdet ble beregnet ved bruk av kostberegningssystemet KBS (utarbeidet ved Avdeling for ernæringsvitenskap, UiO). Antropometriske data ble hentet inn fra barnas helsekort, sykehusjournaler og eksisterende filer fra hovedprosjektet. Vekstdataene ble bearbeidet i dataprogrammet Euro Growth. Alle data ble statistisk behandlet i statistikkprogrammet SPSS. Resultater: Foreldrene til de premature rapporterte en høyere forekomst av spiseproblemer hos sine barn sammenlignet med foreldrene til de fullbårne, henholdsvis 36 % og 8 %. Dårlig matlyst og dårlig vektøkning var ansett som det vanligste problemet. Det prosentvise bidraget av energi fra protein, fett, karbohydrater og tilsatt sukker var i samsvar med de norske anbefalingene. Unntaket var en høyere prosentvise andelen av energi fra mettet fett. Det var en trend mot at barna med spiseproblemer hadde et lavere inntak av fett, men høyere inntak av karbohydrater, tilsatt sukker og noe høyere proteininntak sammenlignet med dem uten spiseproblemer. Inntaket av samtlige vitaminer og mineraler var for de premature høyere enn de norske næringsanbefalingene. Unntaket var inntaket av jern og vitamin D. Barna med spiseproblemer hadde et større inntak av vitamin C og vitamin E. Vitamin D-inntaket til dem med spiseproblem var over anbefalingen. De premature hadde et daglig energiinntak over referanseverdien på 4,1 MJ/d for aldersgruppen 12-23 måneder. Barna med foreldrerapportert spiseproblem hadde et lavere median energiinntak enn dem uten foreldrerapportert spiseproblem, men forskjellen mellom gruppene var ikke signifikant. Ved 12- og 18- måneders alder var de premature med spiseproblem kortere enn dem uten spiseproblem. Det var en trend mot at premature med foreldrerapportert spiseproblem var lettere enn premature uten foreldrerapportert spiseproblem. Sammenlignet med en referansepopulasjon av friske fullbårne var det fem ganger flere premature som var underernært i forhold til andelen på 10 % som man forventer har en vekt for alder under 10 persentilen. Konklusjon: Resultatene i studien har vist at de premature har en høyere forekomst av foreldrerapporterte spiseproblemer sammenlignet med fullbårne. Premature med spiseproblem hadde et høyere inntak av vitamin C og E, og var kortere enn premature uten spiseproblemer ved 12- og 18-måneders alder. Veien videre: Det er ønskelig med bedre oppfølging av premature barn for å identifisere spiseproblemer tidlig, slik at man kan gi støtte og veiledning til foreldrene og om mulig forhindre negativ påvirkning av næringsstoffinntak og vekst

Computers and young children

161 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 29 cm.Includes bibliography.‘Computers and Young children’ is a practical approach to introducing children of 5-9 years to computers. It is divided into two parts. Part 1 ‘Steps Towards the Computer’, is a curriculum unit to introduce children to a range of ‘first computer’ skills, experiences and concepts, with the view that familiarization with these activities will encourage students to approach computers and technology with confidence. It seeks to develop an interest and excitement about computers. These skills and concepts are designed to fit in with the normal work in the classroom. Part 2, ‘Beginning Logo’, is designed to teach the students to feel comfortable with a computer, and to feel in control of what the computer does. The students learn the computer language Logo and learn to develop problem solving skills. Throughout the project emphasis is placed on concrete experiences, and the children are encouraged to learn through exploration, discovery, and discussion. Creativity and imagination are also encouraged. This project does not require the students to have any previous knowledge of computers. In fact it is aimed at the student who has never had any contact with computers or the technology involved

AU-Sweet Scarlet : A Disease Resistant High Quality Watermelon with Dark Red Flesh

Caption title. "July 1993.

EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Panel; Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non-animal origin. Part 1 (outbreak data analysis and risk ranking of food/pathogen combinations)

Food of non-animal origin (FoNAO) is consumed in a variety of forms, and a major component of almost all meals. These food types have the potential to be associated with large outbreaks as seen in 2011 associated with VTEC O104. A comparison of the incidence of human cases linked to consumption of FoNAO and of food of animal origin (FoAO) was carried out to provide an indication of the proportionality between these two groups of foods. It was concluded that outbreak data reported as part of EU Zoonoses Monitoring is currently the only option for EU-wide comparative estimates. Using this data from 2007 to 2011, FoNAO were associated with 10% of the outbreaks, 26% of the cases, 35% of the hospitalisations and 46% of the deaths. If the data from the 2011VTEC O104 outbreak is excluded, FoNAO was associated with 10% of the outbreaks, 18% of cases, but only 8% of the hospitalisations and 5% of the deaths. From 2008 to 2011 there was an increase in the numbers of reported outbreaks, cases, hospitalisations and deaths associated with food of non-animal origin. In order to identify and rank specific food/pathogen combinations most often linked to human cases originating from FoNAO in the EU, a model was developed using seven criteria: strength of associations between food and pathogen based on the foodborne outbreak data from EU Zoonoses Monitoring (2007-11), incidence of illness, burden of disease, dose-response relationship, consumption, prevalence of contamination and pathogen growth potential during shelf life. Shortcomings in the approach using outbreak data were discussed. The top ranking food/pathogen combination was Salmonellaspp. and leafy greens eaten raw followed by (in equal rank) Salmonellaspp. and bulb and stem vegetables, Salmonellaspp. and tomatoes, Salmonellaspp. and melons, and pathogenic Escherichia coli and fresh pods, legumes or grain

Vegetable Variety Trials Fall 2013

"November 2014.

Identification of the domains of neuronal nitric oxide synthase by limited proteolysis

Nitric oxide synthase (EC 1.14.13.39) binds arginine and NADPH as substrates, and FAD, FMN, tetrahydrobiopterin, haem and calmodulin as cofactors. The protein consists of a central calmodulin-binding sequence flanked on the N-terminal side by a haem-binding region, analogous to cytochrome P-450, and on the C-terminal side by a region homologous with NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase. The structure of recombinant rat brain nitric oxide synthase was analysed by limited proteolyis. The products were identified by using antibodies to defined sequences, and by N-terminal sequencing. Low concentrations of trypsin produced three fragments, similar to those in a previous report [Sheta, McMillan and Masters (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 15147–15153]: that of Mr approx. 135000 (N-terminus Gly-221) resulted from loss of the N-terminal extension (residues 1–220) unique to neuronal nitric oxide synthase. The fragments of Mr 90000 (haem region) and 80000 (reductase region, N-terminus Ala-728) were produced by cleavage within the calmodulin-binding region. With more extensive trypsin treatment, these species were shown to be transient, and three smaller, highly stable fragments of Mr 14000 (N-terminus Leu-744 within the calmodulin region), 60000 (N-terminus Gly-221) and 63000 (N-terminus Lys-856 within the FMN domain) were formed. The species of Mr approx. 60000 represents a domain retaining haem and nitroarginine binding. The two species of Mr 63000 and 14000 remain associated as a complex. This complex retains cytochrome c reductase activity, and thus is the complete reductase region, yet cleaved at Lys-856. This cleavage occurs within a sequence insertion relative to the FMN domain present in inducible nitric oxide synthase. Prolonged proteolysis treatment led to the production of a protein of Mr approx. 53000 (N-terminus Ala-953), corresponding to a cleavage between the FMN and FAD domains. The major products after chymotryptic digestion were similar to those with trypsin, although the pathway of intermediates differed. The haem domain was smaller, starting at residue 275, yet still retained the arginine binding site. These data have allowed us to identify stable domains representing both the arginine/haem-binding and the reductase regions.</jats:p

Water relations and irrigation requirements of onion (Allium Cepa L.): a review of yield and quality impacts

The results of international research on the water relations and irrigation needs of onions have been synthesized in an attempt to link fundamental studies on crop physiology to irrigation practices, and consequent impacts on crop yield, quality and storage. Following a brief introduction on its origins and centres of production, a synthesis of research on crop development including plant water relations, crop water requirements, yield response to water, irrigation systems and scheduling are presented. Most of the evidence stems from research conducted in arid and semi-arid regions notably the USA, India, Spain and Turkey. The findings confirm that onion seasonal water requirements are highly variable depending on agroclimate, location and season, as are the crop coefficients (Kc) which range from 0.4 to 0.7 (initial stage), 0.85 to 1.05 (middle development) and 0.6 to 0.75 (final stage). Seasonal irrigation needs are reported to vary from 225 to 1040 mm to produce between 10 and 77 t ha-1. The most sensitive stages for water stress are at emergence, transplanting and bulb formation. Final crop quality can also be affected by water excess. Water stress at specific stages can negatively impact on quality leading to reduced size and multi-centred bulbs. In recent years, pressure on water resources, retailer demands for quality assurance and rising production costs have meant that onion irrigation has switched from traditional low efficiency (furrow) methods to more efficient advanced (sprinkler and drip) technologies. For scheduling, optimal soil water potential thresholds for triggering irrigation were found to be between -17 kPa and -27 kPa for drip and furrow irrigation. Research is underway to maximize water use efficiency in onions, but the deficit irrigation regimes being tested under experimental conditions have yet to be adopted commercially

Trichinosis

1 online resource (PDF, 4 pages)This archival publication may not reflect current scientific knowledge or recommendations. Current information available from the University of Minnesota Extension: https://www.extension.umn.edu

A synthetic gene increases TGFβ3 accumulation by 75-fold in tobacco chloroplasts enabling rapid purification and folding into a biologically active molecule

Human transforming growth factor-β3 (TGFβ3) is a new therapeutic protein used to reduce scarring during wound healing. The active molecule is a nonglycosylated, homodimer comprised of 13-kDa polypeptide chains linked by disulphide bonds. Expression of recombinant human TGFβ3 in chloroplasts and its subsequent purification would provide a sustainable source of TGFβ3 free of animal pathogens. A synthetic sequence (33% GC) containing frequent chloroplast codons raised accumulation of the 13-kDa TGFβ3 polypeptide by 75-fold compared to the native coding region (56% GC) when expressed in tobacco chloroplasts. The 13-kDa TGFβ3 monomer band was more intense than the RuBisCO 15-kDa small subunit on Coomassie blue-stained SDS-PAGE gels. TGFβ3 accumulated in insoluble aggregates and was stable in leaves of different ages but was not detected in seeds. TGFβ3 represented 12% of leaf protein and appeared as monomer, dimer and trimer bands on Western blots of SDS-PAGE gels. High yield and insolubility facilitated initial purification and refolding of the 13-kDa polypeptide into the TGFβ3 homodimer recognized by a conformation-dependent monoclonal antibody. The TGFβ3 homodimer and trace amounts of monomer were the only bands visible on silver-stained gels following purification by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and cation exchange chromatography. N-terminal sequencing and electronspray ionization mass spectrometry showed the removal of the initiator methionine and physical equivalence of the chloroplast-produced homodimer to standard TGFβ3. Functional equivalence was demonstrated by near-identical dose-response curves showing the inhibition of mink lung epithelial cell proliferation. We conclude that chloroplasts are an attractive production platform for synthesizing recombinant human TGFβ3. © 2011 The Authors. Plant Biotechnology Journal © 2011 Society for Experimental Biology, Association of Applied Biologists and Blackwell Publishing Ltd