Overcoming challenges in the classification of deep geothermal potential

The geothermal community lacks a universal definition of deep geothermal systems. A minimum depth of 400 m is often assumed, with a further sub-classification into middle-deep geothermal systems for reservoirs found between 400 and 1000 m. Yet, the simplistic use of a depth cut-off is insufficient to uniquely determine the type of resource and its associated potential. Different definitions and criteria have been proposed in the past to frame deep geothermal systems. However, although they have valid assumptions, these frameworks lack systematic integration of correlated factors. To further complicate matters, new definitions such as hot dry rock (HDR), enhanced or engineered geothermal systems (EGSs) or deep heat mining have been introduced over the years. A clear and transparent approach is needed to estimate the potential of deep geothermal systems and be capable of distinguishing between resources of a different nature. In order to overcome the ambiguity associated with some past definitions such as EGS, this paper proposes the return to a more rigorous petrothermal versus hydrothermal classification. This would be superimposed with numerical criteria for the following: depth and temperature; predominance of conduction, convection or advection; formation type; rock properties; heat source type; requirement for formation stimulation and corresponding efficiency; requirement to provide the carrier fluid; well productivity (or injectivity); production (or circulation) flow rate; and heat recharge mode. Using the results from data mining of past and present deep geothermal projects worldwide, a classification of the same, according to the aforementioned criteria is proposed

The Challenge of Nation-Building: Insights from Aristotle

Nation-building has become a very controversial topic in recent years. From the Former Yugoslavia to Iraq and Afghanistan, the topic has generated much debate among policy makers, policy implementers, and academics. The contemporary literature on the issue of nation-building varies substantially on issues such as legitimacy, timing and order of development, and approaches. But nation-building as a concept is not one that is unique to the modern age. Aristotle, in his Politics, addresses the key themes of legitimacy, timing of development, and approaches that emerge from the current literature on nation-building. There are principles in Aristotle’s work that can be directly applied to nation-building efforts today. Ensuring legitimacy through justice, simultaneous development, and an approach consistent with the mean will ensure a state becomes and remains stable. These ideas, first proposed by Aristotle, remain relevant today

Holistic Ethnography: Embodiment, Emotion, Contemplation, and Dialogue in Ethnographic Fieldwork

This paper theorizes holistic ethnography—an ethnographic method of inquiry that is similar to an embodied meditation practice—a conscious awareness of experience in which the researcher intentionally and variously focuses her attention on physical sensations, emotions, contemplation, and dialogue to contribute to deep sensemaking and critical examination. We illustrate this using an historical ethnographic field project as example. Only when we have immersed ourselves into our research within and beyond can we work toward a more dialogic understanding of the experience we are studying. We discuss how entering the experience through narrative requires us to focus on the embodiment of smell, taste, touch, sound, and sight of the phenomena we are studying; moving the story into our heart bids us to feel it deeply and unite with it at a place that transcends words and pulls us into the experiences; contemplating with our minds frees us to reflect on the experience and find meaning in it; and engaging dialogically invites us to discuss, connect, and voice each other and the experience into being. This approach to interpretation is messy yet thorough and provides a deep level of introspection and understanding. We end with a discussion of how this process can be used in the higher education classroom. By adding embodiment, emotion, contemplation, and dialogue to fieldwork and coursework, we suggest we are better able to critically examine cultural and social phenomena

Análisis de las Relaciones Públicas en los hoteles de 4 estrellas

El sector servicios y en nuestro caso el hotelero depende mayoritariamente de las percepciones públicas ya que venden servicios y de ahí la importancia de crear la imagen más atractiva, positiva, dar visibilidad y posicionar el hotel, atrayendo al mayor número de clientes. La investigación se centrará en analizar la importancia y el perfil requerido en el área de RRPP para los hoteles de la isla de Gran Canaria. La categoría elegida para el estudio son los hoteles de de 4 estrellas. Asimismo se realizará una comparación con los hoteles de 4 estrellas de la ciudad de Barcelona y Madrid a efectos de ver las diferencias.Grado en Publicidad y Relaciones Pública

Developing Strategic Lieutenants in the Canadian Army

This Canadian contribution to Parameters’ Strategic Lieutenant series shows how domestic context creates the conditions for professional military education reform to a greater extent than the global strategic context. The article assesses the junior officer education delivered by Canada’s military colleges and analyzes interviews with key stakeholders responsible for the formulation and implementation of reform at the military colleges

Absence, Revision, and the Other: Rhetorics of South Carolina Antebellum Tourism Sites

The production of tourism situated within an antebellum history is fraught with tension. Moralities, power conflicts, and identities clash as tourist production based on historical apartheid in the United States proliferates and becomes more popular and profitable. Southern states such as South Carolina are particularly subject to such concerns. As one of the original thirteen colonies, South Carolina was a profitable participant in the plantation system, a system built upon rhetorics of absence, revision, and hatred. These rhetorical constructions effectively created a view of enslaved Africans that “othered” and minimized them and erased their presence, importance, and humanity. The resulting ethnocentrism, racism, and oppression still exists today within the American cultural and political landscapes. South Carolina – also the veteran of major revolts, wars, secessions, and occupations throughout its history—was a slave state for its first two hundred years. During these colonial and antebellum periods, its enslaved primarily black population outnumbered white people by the ratio of four to one (Lockley and Doddington 2012). Today, South Carolina offers a popular tourist vista dotted with homesteads, plantations, parks, battlegrounds, national historic sites, markets, and museums all originating from and documenting our nation’s “peculiar institution” of slavery (Calhoun 1837)

Tierreste aus mittelalterlichen und frühneuzeitzeitlichen Kloaken und anderen Entsorgungsanlagen in Güstrow (Grabung „Am Wall 3-5”)

Tierknochenfunde mit jeweils etwa 350 bestimmbaren Fragmenten aus vier mittelalterlichen und frühneuzeitlichen Gruben- und Grabenanlagen Güstrows (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) werden vorgestellt. Sie weisen sämtlich einen hohen Anteil an Schlacht- und Speiseresten auf, gleichzeitig finden sich in ihnen aber auch Teilskelette deponierter oder hineingefallender Tiere, nicht zuletzt zahlreiche Föten. Kulturgeschichtlich bemerkenswerte Funde sind mehrere zu Spielgeräten umgearbeitete Rinderphalangen

Impact of interfractional target motion in locally advanced cervical cancer patients treated with spot scanning proton therapy using an internal target volume strategy

Background and purpose: The more localized dose deposition of proton therapy (PT) compared to photon therapy might allow a reduction in treatment-related side effects but induces additional challenges to address. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of interfractional motion on the target and organs at risk (OARs) in cervical cancer patients treated with spot scanning PT using an internal target volume (ITV) strategy. Methods and materials: For ten locally advanced cervical cancer patients, empty and full bladder planning computed tomography (pCT) as well as 25 daily cone beam CTs (CBCTs) were available. The Clinical Target Volume (CTV), the High Risk CTV (CTVHR) (gross tumor volume and whole cervix), the non-involved uterus as well as the OARs (bowel, bladder and rectum) were contoured on the daily CBCTs and transferred to the pCT through rigid bony match. Using synthetic CTs derived from pCTs, four-beam spot scanning PT plans were generated to target the patient-specific ITV with 45 Gy(RBE) in 25 fractions. This structure was defined based on pre-treatment MRI and CT to anticipate potential target motion throughout the treatment. D98% of the targets and V40Gy(RBE) of the OARs were extracted from the daily anatomies, accumulated and analyzed. In addition, the impact of bladder volume deviations from planning values on target and bowel dose was investigated. Results: The ITV strategy ensured a total accumulated dose >42.75 Gy(RBE) to the CTVHR for all ten patients. Two patients with large bladder-related uterus motion had accumulated dose to the non-involved uterus of 35.7 Gy(RBE) and 41.1 Gy(RBE). Variations in bowel V40Gy(RBE) were found to be correlated (Pearson r = −0.55; p-value <0.0001) with changes in bladder volume during treatment. Conclusion: The ITV concept ensured adequate dose to the CTVHR, but was insufficient for the non-involved uterus of patients subject to large target interfractional motion. CBCT monitoring and occasional replanning is recommended along the same lines as with photon radiotherapy in cervical cancer