Why Should Gang Membership Be a Status Symbol? Status Crimes and \u3cem\u3eCity of Chicago v. Youkhana\u3c/em\u3e

In City of Chicago v. Morales, the Supreme Court struck down Chicago\u27s anti-gang loitering ordinance on void-for-vagueness grounds. As a result, the Court did not answer the question left open by the Illinois Court of Appeals in City of Chicago v. Youkhana of whether the ordinance criminalized the status of being a gang member in violation of the Eighth Amendment\u27s prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. This Comment considers the question by examining the historical backdrop of status offenses as it relates to both constitutional and common law precedent. In order to determine whether an otherwise constitutional reenactment of the ordinance would nevertheless run afoul of the Eighth Amendment, Brookstein considers the factors courts have weighed in addressing status offenses and their applicability to gang membership. This Comment concludes by proposing an analytical model incorporating the explicit and implicit factors utilized by courts, which can be applied to determine whether gang membership is in fact a status under the Eighth Amendment

When History Is History: Maxwell Street, Integrity, and the Failure of Historic Preservation Law

As part of its $500-million expansion, the University of Illinois, Chicago Campus, is expanding its present campus south over the area that includes historic Maxwell Street, Chicago\u27s entry point for disparate ethnic and racial groups. Interested parties sought to have the area declared a historic district under the National Historic Preservation Act in order to prevent demolition of many buildings in the area. The nomination was subsequently rejected by the keeper of the National Register, after the city of Chicago recommended against nomination due to Maxwell Street\u27s blighted condition. This Note explores historic preservation law in general and as it relates to Maxwell Street specifically, concluding that culturally and historically significant properties of minority groups must be afforded increased protection from local political pressures. This Note concludes by proposing statutory guidelines that local governments should follow in order to properly implement federal historic preservation laws and regulations

Why Should Gang Membership Be a Status Symbol? Status Crimes and \u3cem\u3eCity of Chicago v. Youkhana\u3c/em\u3e

In City of Chicago v. Morales, the Supreme Court struck down Chicago\u27s anti-gang loitering ordinance on void-for-vagueness grounds. As a result, the Court did not answer the question left open by the Illinois Court of Appeals in City of Chicago v. Youkhana of whether the ordinance criminalized the status of being a gang member in violation of the Eighth Amendment\u27s prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. This Comment considers the question by examining the historical backdrop of status offenses as it relates to both constitutional and common law precedent. In order to determine whether an otherwise constitutional reenactment of the ordinance would nevertheless run afoul of the Eighth Amendment, Brookstein considers the factors courts have weighed in addressing status offenses and their applicability to gang membership. This Comment concludes by proposing an analytical model incorporating the explicit and implicit factors utilized by courts, which can be applied to determine whether gang membership is in fact a status under the Eighth Amendment

On the dynamics of draw texturing.

Thesis. 1976. Sc.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.Microfiche copy available in Archives and Engineering.Includes bibliographical references.Sc.D

Guardians of the Ballot Box: Addressing Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities and Privacy Concerns for Local Election Officials in Digital Spaces

Throughout the 2020 U.S. election, nefarious actors sought to discover the truth11 about irregularities11 from mail-in balloting and the perceived clandestine11 vote certification process. In many cases, the line between political activism and political extremism dissolved, whereby local election officials (LEOs) reported being followed, threatened with violence, and falsely accused of stealing11 the election via phone, mail, email, and social media platforms. Ultimately, numerous LEOs would require protection from law enforcement and, in some cases, choose to resign

Micro and nano-scale compartments guide the structural transition of silk protein monomers into silk fibers

Silk is a unique, remarkably strong biomaterial made of simple protein building blocks. To date, no synthetic method has come close to reproducing the properties of natural silk, due to the complexity and insufficient understanding of the mechanism of the silk fiber formation. Here, we use a combination of bulk analytical techniques and nanoscale analytical methods, including nano-infrared spectroscopy coupled with atomic force microscopy, to probe the structural characteristics directly, transitions, and evolution of the associated mechanical properties of silk protein species corresponding to the supramolecular phase states inside the silkworm’s silk gland. We found that the key step in silk-fiber production is the formation of nanoscale compartments that guide the structural transition of proteins from their native fold into crystalline β-sheets. Remarkably, this process is reversible. Such reversibility enables the remodeling of the final mechanical characteristics of silk materials. These results open a new route for tailoring silk processing for a wide range of new material formats by controlling the structural transitions and self-assembly of the silk protein’s supramolecular phases