Les grands hôtels, témoins de l'histoire du tourisme : le Royal et Splendid Hôtel à Saint-Gervais-les-Bains (Haute-Savoie)

Buildings offer an operational insight into the way territories are structured and redesigned. In a spatial approach to tourism, grand old hotels reveal a great deal about the establishment and construction of tourist resorts. The apparent unity of a building often conceals a long and complex history, which is worth deciphering.

HEMT Frequency Doubler with Output at 300 GHz

An active frequency doubler in the form of an InP-based monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) containing a high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) has been demonstrated in operation at output frequencies in the vicinity of 300 GHz. This is the highestfrequency HEMT doubler reported to date, the next-highest-frequency active HEMT doubler having been previously reported to operate at 180 GHz. While the output power of this frequency doubler is less than that of a typical Schottky diode, this frequency doubler is considered an intermediate product of a continuing effort to realize the potential of active HEMT frequency doublers to operate with conversion efficiencies greater than those of passive diode frequency doublers. An additional incentive for developing active HEMT frequency doublers lies in the fact that they can be integrated with amplifiers, oscillators, and other circuitry on MMIC chips. The circuitry of the doubler MMIC (see Figure 1) features grounded coplanar waveguides. Air bridges and vias are used to make contact with the ground plane. The HEMT is biased for Class-A operation (in which current is conducted throughout each cycle of oscillation), which would ordinarily be better suited to linear amplification than to frequency doubling. Ordinarily, class-B operation (in which current is conducted during about half of each cycle of oscillation) would be more suitable for frequency doubling because of the essential nonlinearity of partial-cycle conduction. The reason for the unusual choice of class A was that computational simulations had shown that in this case, the efficiency in class B would be less than in class A. The input matching circuit of this doubler includes transmission lines that afford a good impedance match at the fundamental frequency, plus an open stub to prevent leakage of the second harmonic through the input terminals. The output circuit was designed to suppress the fundamental while providing a good match for the second harmonic

Importance of Phase Changes in Titan's Lower Atmosphere. Tools for the Study of Nucleation

39 pagesThe uncertainty about possible supersaturation of methane, condensation of volatile species and the existence of clouds in Titan's lower atmosphere affects our understanding of photochemistry, the nature of the surface and the atmospheric thermal structure. Indeed, photochemistry depends on the depth of penetration of energetic photons, affected by methane abundance. Radar and infrared observations of bright surface regions have been explained by rain washing of highlands. As for the thermal profile, it is sensitive to CH4-N2 gas opacity, cloud opacity and could be influenced by latent heat exchange. A rudimentary model with no methane supersaturation and gas transport by eddy diffusion indicates a methane latent heat release of 0.2 W m-2 between 20 and 30 km altitude for a surface mole fraction of 4.4 % and an eddy diffusion coefficient of 0.2 m2 s-1. Description of nucleation seems to be one of the first improvements which should be included in a model of phase changes. The suspicion of difficult methane nucleation comes from analysis of Voyager IRIS spectra. Moreover, species are expected to condense to the solid phase, which excludes very efficient nucleation and condensation processes associated with the presence of a liquid phase, such as deliquescence. The classical theory of heterogeneous nucleation, despite its deficiencies, is employed in atmospheric models, owing to its general nature and relative simplicity. Yet, it requires physical quantities for which experimental values do not exist. We show how surface free enthalpies of solids and contact angles may be linked to other material properties which are within reach of laboratory experiments, mainly ultraviolet absorption spectra of solid phases. We find that a value of 10^{-9} s-1 - 10^{-7} s-1 for the 'critical nucleation rate' (per nucleus) is adapted to the case of Titan, though we question the ability of the critical rate concept to make predictions for the condensation altitudes. A possible consequence of difficult methane nucleation is periodic evolution of the lower atmosphere, on a time scale of the order of 10^2 years

MMIC power amplifiers as local oscillator drivers for FIRST

The Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared and Sub- millimeter Telescope requires local oscillators well into the terahertz frequency range. The mechanism to realize the local oscillators will involve synthesizers, active multiplier chains (AMC's) with output frequencies from 71 - 112.5 GHz, power amplifiers to amplify the AMC signals, and chains of Schottky diode multipliers to achieve terahertz frequencies. We will present the latest state-of-the-art results on 70 - 115 GHz Monolithic Millimeter-wave Integrated Circuit power amplifier technology

HI absorption towards nearby compact radio sources

We present the results of HI absorption measurements towards a sample of nearby Compact Steep-Spectrum (CSS) and Giga-Hertz Peaked Spectrum (GPS) radio sources, the CORALZ sample, using the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT). We observed a sample of 18 sources and find 7 new detections. These sources are of lower luminosity than earlier studies of CSS and GPS objects and we investigate any dependence of HI absorption features on radio luminosity. Within the uncertainties, the detection rates and column densities are similar to the more luminous objects, with the GPS objects exhibiting a higher detection rate than for the CSS objects. The relative velocity of the blueshifted absorption features, which may be due to jet-cloud interactions, are within $\sim$$-$250 km s$^{-1}$ and do not appear to extend to values over 1000 km s$^{-1}$ seen for the more luminous objects. This could be due to the weaker jets in these objects, but requires confirmation from observations of a larger sample of sources. There appears to be no evidence of any dependence of HI column density on either luminosity or redshift, but these new detections are consistent with the inverse relation between HI column density and projected linear size.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

Responsabilidad por infracción penal del adolescente y la medida socioeducativa privativa de libertad, distrito judicial de Lima Norte, 2017

La presente investigación de proyecto de desarrollo de tesis lleva por título “Responsabilidad por infracción penal del adolescente y la medida socioeducativa privativa de libertad, Distrito Judicial de Lima Norte, 2017”, tuvo como su objetivo general analizar de qué manera se vulnera la responsabilidad por infracción penal del adolescente con la medida socioeducativa privativa de libertad en el Distrito Judicial de Lima Norte, 2017 y como sus objetivos específicos analizar de qué manera el internamiento del menor afecta la finalidad rehabilitadora de la pena y analizar de qué manera la privación de la libertad afecta el interés superior del menor en el Distrito Judicial de Lima Norte, 2017. En cuanto a la metodología de investigación se aplicó el tipo de estudio de enfoque cualitativo, de finalidad básica y de nivel descriptivo y cuanto al diseño de investigación se aplicó el diseño de la teoría fundamentada. Asimismo, se aplicó el muestreo no probabilístico intencional aplicada a 10 especialistas en materia de derecho penal la misma que se realizó en el distrito judicial de Lima Norte. En cuanto a los instrumentos aplicados en la presente investigación fueron las guías de entrevista y las fichas de análisis de fuentes documentales. En cuanto al procedimiento de la investigación está ser realizó en 6 capítulos empezando por la introducción, métodos, resultados, la discusión, conclusiones y las recomendaciones. Asimismo, los métodos de análisis de la información aplicado fueron el método descriptivo, explicativo, exegéticos, inductivo, dogmático jurídico y analíticos. Finalmente, en cuanto a los resultados obtenidos se llegó a determinar qué el tratamiento normativo de la responsabilidad de adolescente sancionado con pena privativa de libertad es contrario a los fines de la pena y el interés superior del menor. En ese orden se llegó a la conclusión que la responsabilidad penal del adolescente por infracción penal es vulnerada mediante la aplicación de las medidas socioeducativas privativas de libertad; ya que no se cumple ni se garantiza la rehabilitación del menor, ni se cumple con la infraestructura penitenciario, servicios básicos como educación, salud y recreo entre otros, las mismas que vulneran el adecuado desarrollo formativo y el interés superior del menor

L’Institut de Saint-Gervais. Une recherche-action dans la montagne touristique.

Cet ouvrage dresse un bilan de l\u27expérience de l\u27Institut de Saint Gervais, qui a réuni pendant 3 ans une équipe de chercheurs autour du désir commun de travailler sur la mutation des stations touristiques de la montagne alpine.

Tourisme et loisirs

La France et le tourisme ont depuis longtemps partie liée : voici deux siècles que les touristes ont " inventé " la Côte d\u27Azur et le Mont-Blanc. Depuis, le tourisme est devenu un phénomène majeur et une activité productive. Aujourd\u27hui, la France réussit le double exploit d\u27accueillir le plus grand nombre de touristes étrangers et de retenir sur son territoire l\u27essentiel des Français qui partent en vacances. L\u27Atlas propose une première approche géographique du tourisme et des loisirs. Il rassemble et confronte des données dispersées, souvent peu connues. Il identifie les touristes, mesure l\u27apport de la richesse et différencie les activités touristiques. Une attention particulière est prêtée à l\u27analyse des différents modes d\u27hébergement. La place très inégale du tourisme dans l\u27espace français fait l\u27objet d\u27un autre chapitre. Par jeu d\u27échelle, l\u27Atlas se termine sur l\u27analyse des lieux du tourisme. Cet ouvrage n\u27est pas seulement une succession de cartes commentées : il a l\u27ambition de faire réfléchir à la nature du tourisme et des loisirs, en prenant un peu de distance à l\u27égard des intérêts qui pèsent sur cette activité et des idées reçues que celle-ci alimente à loisir

Annuaire de la recherche géographique francophone

Annuaire de la recherche géographique francophone

Les conditions de la mise en tourisme de la haute montagne et ses effets sur le territoire. L’apport d’une comparaison entre le Haut-Atlas et le Népal mise en perspective à l’aide du précédent alpin (exemple du massif du Mont-Blanc)

The article brings together information relating to certain high mountain tourist areas and places it in an historical context with a view to identifying the processes at work in the development of such areas. The study examines three mountain massifs (Mont-Blanc, Toubkal and Khumbu) where tourism development began at different times and has today reached different stages. The aim is to identify generic indices that might be applied to other tourist areas, whether they be in the mountains or not. With this in mind, the analysis focuses in particular on the role of the State, tourists and towns