Deterrence theory and anomie /

This dissertation examines the role of deterrence theory and the subjective component of anomie theory (anomia) as explanations for two types of rule violating behavior: cheating and stealing. While the primary purpose of this study is to ascertain the explanatory power of these theories, a secondary goal is to investigate the possibility of an eventual theoretical synthesis of the deterrence and anomie perspectives.It is concluded, on the basis of our analysis, that anomia as operationalized and measured in this study, is not the generative factor that best accounts for classroom cheating and stealing behavior. Possible explanations for the observed weak relationship between anomia and the rule violating behavior are offered. Looking at the inhibitory variables, the best predictor of self reported violations was found to be moral commitment. Implications of this finding are also discussed.In regard to the hypothesis of central importance, we discovered that anomia need not be present for the occurrence of self reported violations. In other words, anomia is not a necessary condition for deviant behavior as we had predicted. We also learned that prohibitive factors do not influence rule violating behavior solely under the condition of high anomia. The central hypothesis of this research was, therefore, rejected.In a move toward the integration of anomie and deterrence theory, we advanced three hypotheses. The final, and most important hypothesis is as follows: People will engage in rule violating behavior only under the pressure of the generative factor (anomia). In other words, the generative factor is a necessary condition for deviance. Thus, prohibitive factors influence rule violating behavior only when anomia is high. When anomia is low, there should be no relationship between prohibitive factors and rule violating behavior

KAM, CEO, HRM: "who is who" on the job market? : a contrastive analysis of foreign job titles in Italian and Polish

Whenever browsing job advertisements in Polish and Italian, it is impossible not to notice an influx of English job titles. International companies which use English as their corporate language are also likely to choose it for the job titles and job descriptions in all the countries of their operations. Consequently, more and more often foreign job titles, like for example, manager, supervisor, leader, specialist, etc. – to name just a few, are adopted into the systems of various languages, including Polish and Italian. Sometimes names of occupations are translated into the native language word by word or native equivalents are adopted to avoid the usage of the foreign job title. It seems that the adaptation of foreign names of occupations is a vast area of research which requires further linguistics and extra-linguistic investigation. The aim of the article is to compare foreign job names in Italian and Polish. In order to analyze the behavior of foreign job titles and to compare their usage, a corpus consisting of names of occupations was compiled. Job titles were collected from advertisements posted online by major newspapers and recruitment agencies in Italy (http://lavoro.corriere.it/), and Poland (http://gazetapraca.pl/, http://pracuj.pl/) from the period of one month in 2014. The gathered data was then compared quantitatively and qualitatively to draw conclusions concerning the use of foreign job titles instead of the native ones and the possible reasons for the preference of English job titles

Stimuli responsive membranes in separation processes- short review

The paper discusses some basic issues related to synthesis and properties of stimuli responsive membranes. Two commonly studied forms of these  membranes  are presented, namely pore surface grafted and pore volume functionalized membranes. The critical feature allowing to classify membrane to one of the above category is their grafting yield. The first kind of membranes, known under the name of ‘membrane valves’, can be used in stimuli controlled filtration when membrane cut-off is controlled by means of external stimuli. The second  category, called sometimes ‘gating membranes’, can be used for transport facilitation of some species. The paper is illustrated by description of our attempts in syntheses of both membrane forms  and evaluation of their separation properties. 

Capacitive Deionization for Selective Extraction of Lithium from Aqueous Solutions

The paper deals with extraction of lithium by means of two capacitive deionization systems: one composed of lithium selective electrode and second with electrode wrapped with Li-selective membrane. In the case of the first system, hybrid electrodes where obtained by mixing λ-MnO2sorbent with activated carbon .The best Li-capacity was determined for electrode with 20 wt.-% of manganese oxide. For larger amounts of λ-MnO2 the electrode capacity decreased significantly. The second system was composed of carbon electrodes wrapped with ion-exchange membranes. The lithium selective membranes were synthesized by plasma induced interpolymerization of (meth)acrylic monomersinpores of Celgard 2400 support. Two functional monomers, poly(di(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate) and poly(glycidylmethacylate modified with hydroxymethyl-12-crown-4) were copolymerized with acrylic acid. It was found that the extraction of lithium chloride was the best for membrane caring copolymers of acrylic acid and glycidyl methacrylate modified with crown ether, andit was better than for membranes with sole poly(acrylic acid)

Electro-Driven Materials and Processes for Lithium Recovery-A Review.

The mass production of lithium-ion batteries and lithium-rich e-products that are required for electric vehicles, energy storage devices, and cloud-connected electronics is driving an unprecedented demand for lithium resources. Current lithium production technologies, in which extraction and purification are typically achieved by hydrometallurgical routes, possess strong environmental impact but are also energy-intensive and require extensive operational capabilities. The emergence of selective membrane materials and associated electro-processes offers an avenue to reduce these energy and cost penalties and create more sustainable lithium production approaches. In this review, lithium recovery technologies are discussed considering the origin of the lithium, which can be primary sources such as minerals and brines or e-waste sources generated from recycling of batteries and other e-products. The relevance of electro-membrane processes for selective lithium recovery is discussed as well as the potential and shortfalls of current electro-membrane methods

Electro-driven materials and processes for lithium recovery—A review

The mass production of lithium-ion batteries and lithium-rich e-products that are required for electric vehicles, energy storage devices, and cloud-connected electronics is driving an unprecedented demand for lithium resources. Current lithium production technologies, in which extraction and purification are typically achieved by hydrometallurgical routes, possess strong environmental impact but are also energy-intensive and require extensive operational capabilities. The emergence of selective membrane materials and associated electro-processes offers an avenue to reduce these energy and cost penalties and create more sustainable lithium production approaches. In this review, lithium recovery technologies are discussed considering the origin of the lithium, which can be primary sources such as minerals and brines or e-waste sources generated from recycling of batteries and other e-products. The relevance of electro-membrane processes for selective lithium recovery is discussed as well as the potential and shortfalls of current electro-membrane methods

Electro‐driven materials and processes for lithium recovery—A review

The mass production of lithium‐ion batteries and lithium‐rich e‐products that are required for electric vehicles, energy storage devices, and cloud‐connected electronics is driving an unprecedented demand for lithium resources. Current lithium production technologies, in which extraction and purification are typically achieved by hydrometallurgical routes, possess strong environmental impact but are also energy‐intensive and require extensive operational capabilities. The emergence of selective membrane materials and associated electro‐processes offers an avenue to reduce these energy and cost penalties and create more sustainable lithium production approaches. In this review, lithium recovery technologies are discussed considering the origin of the lithium, which can be primary sources such as minerals and brines or e‐waste sources generated from recycling of batteries and other e‐products. The relevance of electro‐membrane processes for selective lithium recovery is discussed as well as the potential and shortfalls of current electro-membrane methods

Modification of the surface of activated carbon electrodes for capacitive mixing energy extraction from salinity differences

This is an unedited version of this article. The publisher's edited version cab reached in this URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021979714006274#The reference for this article is: Marino et al., Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 436(2014) 146-153.The “capacitive mixing” (CAPMIX) is one of the techniques aimed at the extraction of energy from the salinity difference between sea and rivers. It is based on the rise of the voltage between two electrodes, taking place when the salt concentration of the solution in which they are dipped is changed. We study the rise of the potential of activated carbon electrodes in NaCl solutions, as a function of their charging state. We evaluate the effect of the modification of the materials obtained by adsorption of charged molecules. We observe a displacement of the potential at which the potential rise vanishes, as predicted by the electric double layer theories. Moreover, we observe a saturation of the potential rise at high charging states, to a value that is nearly independent of the analyzed material. This saturation represents the most relevant element that determines the performances of the CAPMIX cell under study; we attribute it to a kinetic effect.Departamento de Física Aplicad

Effect of electrode thickness variation on operation of capacitive deionization

In capacitive deionization (CDI) water is desalinated by applying an electrical field between two porous electrodes placed on either side of a spacer channel that transports the aqueous solution. In this work we investigate the equilibrium salt adsorption and the dynamic development of the effluent salt concentration in time, both as function of spacer and electrode thicknesses. The electrode thickness will be varied in a symmetric manner (doubling both electrodes) and in an asymmetric manner, by doubling and tripling one electrode but not the other. To describe the structure of the electrostatic double layer (EDL) which determines the salt adsorption in the micropores of activated carbons, a modified Donnan-model is set up which successfully describes the data, also for situations of very significant electrode thickness ratios. We develop a generalized CDI transport model accounting for thickness variations, which compares favorably with experimental data for the change of the effluent salt concentration in time. These experiments are aimed at further testing our equilibrium and transport models, specifically the assumption therein that in first approximation, for electrodes made of chemically unmodified activated carbon particles, the EDL structure is independent of the sign of the electronic charge. To investigate the relevance of chemical surface charge we also varied pH of the salt solution flowing into the cell