Nanogram amounts of salicylic acid produced by the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2 activate the systemic acquired resistance pathway in bean

Root colonization by specific nonpathogenic bacteria can induce a systemic resistance in plants to pathogen infections. In bean, this kind of systemic resistance can be induced by the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2 and depends on the production of salicylic acid by this strain. In a model with plants grown in perlite we demonstrated that Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2-induced resistance is equivalent to the inclusion of 1 nM salicylic acid in the nutrient solution and used the latter treatment to analyze the molecular basis of this phenomenon. Hydroponic feeding of 1 nM salicylic acid solutions induced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in roots and increased free salicylic acid levels in leaves. Because pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance involves similar changes it was concluded that 7NSK2-induced resistance is mediated by the systemic acquired resistance pathway. This conclusion was validated by analysis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in roots and of salicylic acid levels in leaves of soil-grown plants treated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The induction of systemic acquired resistance by nanogram amounts of salicylic acid is discussed with respect to long-distance signaling in systemic acquired resistance

Localization and expression of EDS5H a homologue of the SA transporter EDS5

An important signal transduction pathway in plant defence depends on the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA). SA is produced in chloroplasts and the multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY5 (EDS5; At4g39030) is necessary for the accumulation of SA after pathogen and abiotic stress. EDS5 is localized at the chloroplast and functions in transporting SA from the chloroplast to the cytoplasm. EDS5 has a homologue called EDS5H (EDS5 HOMOLOGUE; At2g21340) but its relationship to EDS5 has not been described and its function is not known. Results: EDS5H exhibits about 72 % similarity and 59 % identity to EDS5. In contrast to EDS5 that is induced after pathogen inoculation, EDS5H was constitutively expressed in all green tissues, independently of pathogen infection. Both transporters are located at the envelope of the chloroplast, the compartment of SA biosynthesis. EDS5H is not involved with the accumulation of SA after inoculation with a pathogen or exposure to UV stress. A phylogenetic analysis supports the hypothesis that EDS5H may be an H+/organic acid antiporter like EDS5. Conclusions: The data based on genetic and molecular studies indicate that EDS5H despite its homology to EDS5 does not contribute to pathogen-induced SA accumulation like EDS5. EDS5H most likely transports related substances such as for example phenolic acids, but unlikely SA

Genetic evidence that expression of NahG modifies defence pathways independent of salicylic acid biosynthesis in the Arabidopsis–Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato interaction

The salicylic acid (SA)-induction deficient (sid) mutants of Arabidopsis, eds5 and sid2 accumulate normal amounts of camalexin after inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst), while transgenic NahG plants expressing an SA hydroxylase that degrades SA have reduced levels of camalexin and exhibit a higher susceptibility to different pathogens compared to the sid mutants. SID2 encodes an isochorismate synthase necessary for the synthesis of SA. NahG was shown to act epistatically to the sid mutant phenotype regarding accumulation of camalexin after inoculation with Pst in eds5NahG and sid2NahG plants. The effect of the pad4 mutation on the sid mutant phenotype was furthermore tested in eds5pad4 and sid2pad4 double mutants, and it was demonstrated that PAD4 acts epistatically to EDS5 and SID2 regarding the production of camalexin after inoculation with Pst. NahG plants and pad4 mutants were also found to produce less ethylene (ET) after infection with Pst in comparison to the wild type (WT) and sid mutants. Both PAD4 and NahG acted epistatically to SID regarding the Pst-dependent production of ET that was found to be necessary for the accumulation of camalexin. Early production of jasmonic acid (JA) 12 h after inoculation with Pst/avrRpt2 was absent in all plants expressing NahG compared to the other mutants tested here. These genetic studies unravel pleiotropic changes in defence signalling of NahG plants that are unlikely to result from their low SA content. This adds unexpected difficulties in the interpretation of earlier findings based solely on NahG plants

New approach to the Brazilian model of environmental services

O programa brasileiro de serviços ambientais, denominado "Produtor de Água", apoia-se em incentivos financeiros proporcionais à redução da erosão advinda da implantação voluntária de projetos de conservação do solo por parte de produtores rurais. No entanto, esse programa não constitui restrições preestabelecidas de elegibilidade de áreas de aplicação ou de propostas de conservação. Assim, no sentido de contribuir para a evolução metodológica desse programa, propõe-se uma nova abordagem deste, analisando-se, essencialmente, duas adaptações: introdução de critério de elegibilidade; e utilização da aptidão agrícola para indicação de propostas de uso intensivo e conservação do solo. Para isso, tomou-se por base uma bacia hidrográfica rural próxima ao Pantanal brasileiro, em Terenos, MS. O novo critério de elegibilidade foi baseado no Risco Natural de Erosão (razão entre o potencial natural de erosão e a tolerância à perda de solo). As propostas de ocupação do solo, por sua vez, foram definidas a partir de mapa de aptidão agrícola predefinido. O estudo revela que o novo critério de elegibilidade foi capaz de contemplar somente cerca de 40 % da área de estudo. A aplicação da classificação de aptidão agrícola nessa parcela reduziu drasticamente as alternativas de uso intensivo do solo, direcionando-as, em grande parte, para a atividade pecuária. A análise das duas propostas de inovação do programa "Produtor de Água" permite inferir quanto à potencialidade delas na formação de estratégias de aplicação do programa, além de promover uso mais eficiente dos recursos financeiros destinados ao pagamento por serviços ambientais no contexto brasileiro.The Brazilian program of environmental services, called "Water Supplier", is based on financial incentives relative to the erosion reduction by the implementation of voluntary soil conservation projects by farmers. However, this program has no pre-established restrictions of eligibility of application areas or conservation proposals. With a view to contribute to the methodological development of this program, a new approach was proposed, by analysis of two main changes: introduction of eligibility criteria, and the use of land suitability for recommendation of proposals for intensive soil use and conservation. For this purpose, a rural catchment was studied near the Brazilian Pantanal, in Terenos, MS. The new eligibility criteria were based on the natural erosion risk (ratio of natural erosion potential and soil loss tolerance). The land use proposals, in turn, were based on a pre-defined land suitability map. This study reveals that the new eligibility criteria covered only about 40 % of the study area. The classification of land suitability in this area reduced the intensive land use alternatives dramatically, indicating it largely for cattle ranching. The analysis of the two innovation proposals of the program "Water Supplier" allowed inferences on their potential to generate strategies for implementing the program, and to promote a more efficient use of financial resources for payment for environmental services in the Brazilian context.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FAPEMS

Characterization of Arabidopsis enhanced disease susceptibility mutants that are affected in systemically induced resistance

In Arabidopsis, the rhizobacterial strain Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r triggers jasmonate (JA)- and ethylene (ET)-dependent induced systemic resistance (ISR) that is effective against different pathogens. Arabidopsis genotypes unable to express rhizobacteria-mediated ISR against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) exhibit enhanced disease susceptibility towards this pathogen. To identify novel components controlling induced resistance, we tested 11 Arabidopsis mutants with enhanced disease susceptibility (eds) to pathogenic P. syringae bacteria for WCS417rmediated ISR and pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Mutants eds4-1, eds8-1 and eds10-1 failed to develop WCS417r-mediated ISR, while mutants eds5-1 and eds12-1 failed to express pathogen-induced SAR. Whereas eds5-1 is known to be blocked in salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis, analysis of eds12-1 revealed that its impaired SAR response is caused by reduced sensitivity to this molecule. Analysis of the ISR-impaired eds mutants revealed that they are non-responsive to induction of resistance by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (eds4-1, eds8-1 and eds10-1), or the ET precursor 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) (eds4-1 and eds10-1). Moreover, eds4-1 and eds8-1 showed reduced expression of the plant defensin gene PDF1.2 after MeJA and ACC treatment, which was associated with reduced sensitivity to either ET (eds4-1) or MeJA (eds8-1). Although blocked in WCS417r-, MeJA- and ACC-induced ISR, eds10-1 behaved normally for several other responses to MeJA or ACC. The results indicate that EDS12 is required for SAR and acts downstream of SA, whereas EDS4, EDS8 and EDS10 are required for ISR acting either in JA signalling (EDS8), ET signalling (EDS4), or downstream JA and ET signalling (EDS10) in the ISR pathway

Control Laws for Autonomous Landing on Pitching Decks

This thesis addresses the problem of landing a quadcopter onto the pitching deck of a ship, as a partial simulation of a shipboard landing during high seas. The deck is modeled to pitch with a sinusoidal motion. While shipboard landing consists of many stages, only the final landing is simulated in this research. Other ship motions, such as roll and heave, are likewise not considered. The goal is to land the quadcopter in the center of the deck with minimal position and pitch error, where position error measures how far fore or aft of the center of the landing pad the quadcopter lands, and pitch error measures the difference between the pitch of the quadcopter and the pitch of the deck at touchdown. Multiple landing strategies are tested in numerical simulations using Proportional Derivative (PD) and Zero Effort Miss/Zero Effort Velocity (ZEM/ZEV) control techniques. The PD controller is designed to match the pitch of the quadcopter with the pitch of the deck just before landing. The PD controller is shown to be able to reduce the pitch error significantly, but at the cost of position error. The ZEM/ZEV controller is designed to target landing on the ship when the pitch of the deck crosses zero. The ZEM/ZEV controller is shown to be able to land with high accuracy in position and pitch as long as the timing of when the deck would be horizontal was known. A mixture of ZEM/ZEV and PD control is able to land the quadcopter with low pitch and position error even during the presence of timing errors. The simulation results serve to define test conditions for a future experimental validation of the control laws in the FIT ORION Lab

Categorizing facial expressions : a comparison of computational models

The original publication is available at www.springerlink.com Copyright SpringerRecognizing expressions is a key part of human social interaction, and processing of facial expression information is largely automatic for humans, but it is a non-trivial task for a computational system. The purpose of this work is to develop computational models capable of differentiating between a range of human facial expressions. Raw face images are examples of high-dimensional data, so here we use two dimensionality reduction techniques: principal component analysis and curvilinear component analysis. We also preprocess the images with a bank of Gabor filters, so that important features in the face images may be identified. Subsequently, the faces are classified using a support vector machine. We show that it is possible to differentiate faces with a prototypical expression from the neutral expression. Moreover, we can achieve this with data that has been massively reduced in size: in the best case the original images are reduced to just 5 components. We also investigate the effect size on face images, a concept which has not been reported previously on faces. This enables us to identify those areas of the face that are involved in the production of a facial expression.Peer reviewe

Fracture healing : the effects of local insulin delivery via calcium sulfate and tricalcium phosphate

Previous studies have documented the major role played by insulin in osseous healing. This is the first study to examine local intramedullary insulin delivery to the fracture site and its effect upon the normal fracture healing process. Preceding results show that when administered at the fracture site of the impaired fracture healing model of the diabetic BB Wistar rat, insulin will regulate early cellular proliferation and chondrogenesis and late mineralized tissue, cartilage content and mechanical strength. In this study, two novel delivery vehicles have been evaluated for sustained insulin release in the normal fracture model of the BB Wistar rat. Calcium sulfate and tn-calcium phosphate have osteoconductive properties that support bone growth. These materials served as carriers to provide continuous insulin release at the fracture site. The vehicles were evaluated for insulin content at days 2, 4 and 7 and normalized to the total systemic protein content of the animal. Calcium sulfate shows an early burst of insulin release and sustained amounts of insulin throughout the 7 day study. The local treatment of insulin does not affect the animals’ systemic insulin levels. Histomorphometric analysis shows a significant difference in new bone content in the fracture calluses that received insulin treatment as compared to control groups. The study concludes that calcium sulfate could be a promising vehicle for local insulin delivery and improvement of the fracture healing process in healthy patients