La pragmaticalisation de l'adverbe <i>enfin</i> du point de vue des romanistes (“Enfin, de celui des francisants qui conçoivent leur recherche dans le cadre de la linguistique romane”)

International audienceSur la base d'une analyse philologique des données françaises depuis le Moyen Âge, complétée par la comparaison intra-romane, cette communication propose un nouveau scénario de l'échelonnement diachronique des principaux emplois de enfin, qu'il s'agisse de ses deux valeurs grammaticales (enfin temporel et enfin aspectuel) ou de ses six valeurs pragmatiques (enfin épistémique, récapitulatif, énumératif, rectificatif, performatif et réprobateur). De façon quelque peu inattendue, ce travail invite en outre à proposer une étymologie inédite pour le marqueur enfin : contrairement à ce qui est affirmé par les ouvrages de référence, enfin ne semble pas représenter un composé formé en français, mais appartenir au lexique héréditaire

Pourquoi la linguistique romane n'est pas soluble en linguistiques idioromanes. Le témoignage du <i>Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman</i> (DÉRom)

El presente artículo (« Por qué la lingüística romance no se puede disolver en lingüísticas idioromances. Testimonio del Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman [DÉRom] ») constituye un alegato en favor de la lingüística románica desde el punto de vista de la etimología del léxico hereditario. La autora invoca cuatro argumentos : (1) en el dominio del léxico popular, no puede existir etimología idiorománica ; (2) la etimología romance proporciona la imprescindible visión de conjunto ; (3) la etimología romance permite resolver aporías de las etimologías idioromances ; (4) el marco romance estimula la investigación idioromance. Al final la autora aboga por un vaivén fructífero entre lingüística idiorománica y panrománica.Cet article constitue un plaidoyer en faveur de la linguistique romane du point de vue de l'étymologie du lexique héréditaire. L'auteure donne quatre arguments : (1) Dans le domaine du lexique héréditaire, il n'existe pas d'étymologie idioromane ; (2) l'étymologie romane assure la nécessaire vue d'ensemble ; (3) l'étymologie romane fait sauter les verrous des étymologies idioromanes ; (4) la visée romane stimule la recherche idioromane. En conclusion, l'auteure plaide pour un va-et-vient fructueux entre linguistique idioromane et panromane

Mycelial growth interactions and mannan-degrading enzyme activities from fungal mixed cultures grown on palm kernel cake

Palm kernel cake (PKC), a by-product of the palm kernel oil extraction process contains mannan as its main polysaccharide. Mixed culture microbial degradation may enhance mannan-degrading enzymes production. Therefore, the objective of the study was to examine the nature of mycelial interactions and corresponding production of mannan-degrading enzymes of PKC. Fungal interactions was carried out using Sclerotium rolfsii and Aspergillus niger co-cultured with three Trichoderma strains (Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma longiobrachiatum and Trichoderma koningii) on potato dextrose agar (PDA) in disposable petri-dishes. Measurements of growth diameters were taken on days 2 and 13. For mannan-degrading enzyme production, single and co-cultures of these fungi were carried out under submerged cultivation for 13 days with PKC as the carbon source. About 57% of observed interactions on PDA were deadlock, 29% replacement and 14% intermingling. In Trichoderma sp./A. niger mixed cultures, there was an overall significant enhancement of enzyme: 2 to 200 fold (β-D-mannanase), 8 to 25 fold (β-mannosidase) and from no change to 15 fold increase (α-galactosidase). There was no obvious relationship between enzyme production and protein yield. However, co-culturing of A. niger with the Trichoderma strains showed an enhancement of mannan-degrading enzyme activities without reducing biomass yield

Bioconversion of Palm Kernel Cake and its Evaluation as an Aquafeed Ingredient

Palm kernel cake (PKC) is one of the by-products of the oil palm industry. Malaysia being the world's largest producer of oil palm produces over a million tones of PKC annually. Traditionally, PKC is used as an ingredient in ruminant feed and its use for non-ruminants is usually in low amounts due to problems of digestibility. In this study, an attempt was made to microbially enrich the PKC protein content using: Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Aspergillus niger and Sclerotium rolfsii fungi. In the solid-state fermentation (SSF), effects of inoculum concentrations (1, 2 and 3%), moisture levels (41, 44 and 47%) and pH levels (3.5, 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0) were evaluated. Protein content of PKC increased significantly (P<0.05) coupled with a significant reduction in cellulose and hemicellulose contents by all the fungi used. The highest protein increase of 33% was obtained using T. longibrachiatum fermented PKC compared with 18% in unfermented PKC. The effect of moisture content was more critical compared to pH. Fermentation increased the analysed total amino acids (14 to 25%) and mostly the unsaturated ones (oleic and linoleic acids)

Étymologie-origine et étymologie-histoire dans le DÉRom (<i>Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman</i>). Coup de projecteur sur quelques trouvailles du domaine roumain

Cet article exploite les résultats de recherche qui se dégagent pour l'étymologie roumaine de six articles du DÉRom : */a'gUst-u/, */a'pril-e/, */a'pril-i-u/, */Fe'Brari-u/, */'mai-u/ et */'mart-i-u/

Integrating simulation data from a crop model in the development of an agri-environmental indicator for soil cover in Switzerland

Agriculture generates important impacts on the environment, which can be evaluated with agri-environmental indicators. A key element of environment protection in agriculture is the maintenance of a dense soil cover for the longest possible period. Notably, soil cover is known to diminish erosion risks and nitrate leaching. In this study, an agri-environmental indicator for soil cover is presented, which integrates data from the crop model STICS to quantify vegetation growth dynamics. Simulations were conducted with STICS for the major crops cultivated in Switzerland across several contrasting pedoclimatic situations. They were then integrated with data for crop residue cover to evaluate soil cover at the field and farm levels in the framework of a farm network survey. At the field level, for the period from the harvest of the previous crop through the harvest of the main crop, the highest soil cover was achieved by silage maize and winter barley. A high variability between fields was observed, due to the diversity of cultural practices during the period preceding the seeding of the main crops. Some crops, winter wheat in particular, showed a high number of days with insufficient soil cover (under 30%), leading to potential environmental risks. This shows the crucial need of promoting conservation agriculture principles (permanent soil cover, minimum soil disturbance, diversification of crop rotation) in arable systems to better protect the soils and the environment. The soil cover indicator presented here provided a continuous quantification of soil cover, whereas most of the currently used indicators provide qualitative or roughly quantitative results

Managing the mining cycle using GeoVisionary

Managing the mining cycle from exploration through to evaluation, planning, construction, operation and finally mine closure can involve many datasets in different formats. To be able to visualise all of these different datasets in one environment is important to locate mineral/ore deposits, moderate risks, increase mining efficiency, monitor the impact on the surrounding environment and communicate these factors to stakeholders. Typically, GIS – Geographical Information Systems have been used to manage the life cycle of a mine, however the three dimensional (3D) complexity is lost in these two dimensional (2D) systems. Virtalis alongside the British Geological Survey, have developed the GeoVisionary software which provides the means to aid the management of many aspects of the life cycle of a mine using a combination 2D, 3D and 4D data in the same virtual environment

(Pan-)romance etymology nowadays: a notice from the Romance Etymologic Dictionary (DÉRom)

El artículo que presentamos versa sobre el cambio que se está produciendo en el ámbito de la etimología románica, más concretamente en el ámbito de la etimología panrománica. Se sabe desde hace varias décadas que la obra panrománica de referencia, el REW de Meyer-Lübke, merecería una revisión profunda. Ahora bien, el proyecto DÉRom no se proponía simplemente una reactualización del REW con los materiales disponibles hoy en día. Su objetivo era más bien el de poner en práctica la orientación metodológica innovadora.This article deals with the ongoing change in the field of Romance etymology, specially in the panromance etymology. It has been known for decades that the main panromance reference work, the REW by Meyer-Lübke, would deserve a deep revision. However, DÉRom project did not only aim at revisiting REW with current material, but its goal was rather to put into oractice an innovative methodologic orientation

Quand la linguistique française ne saurait que se faire romane : du neuf dans le traitement étymologique du lexique héréditaire

International audienceSi l'historiographie linguistique doit citer un changement majeur dans la conception et la pratique de l'étymologie française au 20e siècle, c'est sans doute le remplacement de l'« étymologie-origine » par l'« étymologie-histoire ». Cette conception renouvelée de l'étymologie a généré une production nombreuse et de très grande qualité, qui fait du lexique français un des mieux étymologisés du monde. Cependant, la focalisation sur l'« étymologie-histoire » a eu une conséquence négative : ayant éliminé la technique de l'étymologie-origine de ses pratiques, la recherche étymologique a cru pouvoir abandonner aussi la réflexion portant sur l'origine comme partie de la technique de l'étymologie-histoire. La présente communication pose, pour la première fois depuis plusieurs générations, la question de la facette « origine » de l'étymologie du lexique héréditaire français : quelle étiquette glottonymique est-elle la plus adéquate ? comment convient-il de cerner le signifiant, le signifié et les caractéristiques morphosyntaxiques de l'étymon ? L'analyse débouche sur le constat qu'une étymologie du lexique héréditaire français qui est pensée – ou même qui se contente de s'exprimer – à l'intérieur même du français est vouée à l'échec. Dans ce domaine, en effet, la linguistique française ne peut pas être autarcique : c'est la grammaire comparée des parlers romans qui lui fournit le cadre approprié pour répondre aux questions qu'elle se pose

Effectiveness of individualized ressource-oriented joint protection education in people with rheumatoid arthritis : a randomized controlled trial

Objective: The modern joint protection (JP) concept for people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an active coping strategy to improve daily tasks and role performance by changing working methods and using assistive devices. Effective group JP education includes psycho-educational interventions. The Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self Measure (PRISM) is an interactive hands-on-tool, assessing (a) the individual's perceived burden of illness and (b) relevant individual resources. Both issues are important for intrinsic motivation to take action and change behaviour. This study compared individual conventional JP education (C-JP) with PRISM-based JP education (PRISM-JP). Methods: An assessor-blinded multicentre randomized controlled trial, including four JP education sessions over 3 weeks, with assessments at baseline and 3 months. Results: In total 53 RA patients participated. At 3 months, the PRISM-JP (n = 26) participants did significantly better compared to the C-JP participants (n = 27) in JP behaviour (p = 0.02 and p = 0.008 when corrected for baseline values), Arthritis Self-efficacy (ASES, p = 0.015) and JP self-efficacy (JP-SES, p = 0.047). Within-group analysis also showed less hand pain (p < 0.001) in PRISM-JP group. Conclusion: PRISM-JP more effectively supported learning of JP methods, with meaningful occupations, resource activation and self-efficacy acting as important mediators. Practice implications: PRISM improved patient–clinician communication and is feasible for occupational therapy