The principle of association in the use of the definite article in English and Swedish

In the first part of the paper the mechanism of association in the use of the definite article is presented. The author also accounts for the most common types of relations between things associated with each other. In the remaining part, the use of the principle of association in English noun phrases is discussed. The author demonstrates that there is a formal difference between the two languages in the way of expressing the definiteness of a referent

Examining birthplace effects in US collegiate and professional basketball

Past research has stressed the influence that environmental factors, such as population of one’s birthplace, can impact the likelihood of attaining success. Moreover, several studies of professional sports have found over-representations of successful athletes from small cities, while showing an under-representation of individuals from larger cities, with 500,000 inhabitants being the cut-off (e.g., Côté et al., 2006). To holistically examine the birthplace effect, the role of population density has also been explored, with varying results depending on sports and countries being considered (Hancock et al., 2017; Rossing et al., 2016). Taking both city population and density into account, the purpose of the present ongoing study is to investigate birthplace effects in male and female collegiate (NCAA) and professional (WNBA and NBA) basketball athletes. The US census was utilized to gather birthplace data for 8,060 NCAA, 400 WNBA and 382 NBA athletes. Data analysis is currently ongoing, and will involve computing odds ratios to examine whether certain populations or densities were significantly different from the general US population at the collegiate and professional levels. Based on prior research, the expected results should reveal an over-representation for both male and female basketball players in areas that have between 250,000- 500,000 inhabitants (MacDonald et al., 2007; Côté et al., 2006). By examining both collegiate and professional and male and female athletes while considering multiple casual variables, the present study helps shed light on environmental factors that lead to success in sport

“Get Tough!”: A Case Study on the Development of the Sport Ethic in Youth Lacrosse

While participation in youth sport is often linked with positive psychosocial and physical outcomes (Holt et al., 2017), this context can also cultivate ideals that lead to the development of unethical beliefs as well as unsafe sport practices (Al-Yaarbi & Kavussanu, 2017). The sport ethic is described as the deviant overconformity by an athlete to fit societal expectations of a sport’s high-performance culture (Hughes & Coakley, 1991). Strong beliefs in the sport ethic can lead to moral disengagement, antisocial behavior, and viewing sport like warfare (Shields, Funk, & Bredemeier, 2015). Although the sport ethic has been examined in competitive adult sport (Coakley, 2015), the development of this belief system among youth remains relatively unexplored. Utilizing Bronfenbrenner’s (1986) ecological systems theory of development, the present study employed a case study approach to investigate the cultivation of the sport ethic in a recreational youth lacrosse team over the course of a four-month competitive season. Data were collected through 109 hours of naturalistic observation (during seven games and 27 practice sessions) and semi-structured interviews with four athletes and one parent. Data were analyzed using a general thematic analysis approach (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Key themes from the microsystem level (i.e., athletes, parents, peers, coaches) highlight that an overemphasis on masculinity, specialization, and sacrifice may predispose athletes to internalize deviant ideals of the sport ethic, even if one’s mesosystem (i.e., the sport’s organization) discourages such behavior. Findings draw attention to the social factors (e.g., promoting lacrosse as a “man’s game” or encouraging violent play) in youth sporting contexts that may impact the development of unsafe practices (e.g., playing through injury, hurting opponents), and provide practical implications for youth sport coaches, parents, and athletes by creating an environment where safe sport practices are encouraged

RTI Implementation and Differentiation for Primary School English Language Learners

This paper explores how one English as a Second Language (ESL) teacher assistant implemented RTI scripted ELA interventions at the primary (K–2) level. Using a variety of research analysis methods, the lesson plan record and detailed journal from the period in which the self-study was conducted were thoroughly analyzed. The analysis resulted in the identification of at what point I recognized a need for changes to the RTI plans for my ELL students, how specifically the RTI plans were modified to better accommodate my ELLs’ needs, and finally, what resulted from the modifications that I implemented. Through this self-study, I determined six conclusions and five implications. I concluded that ELLs require modifications when using scripted lessons and manipulatives with motivation and engagement. I concluded that school administration need to actively reevaluate and adjust RTI schedules regularly, along with encouraging strong partnership between the providers of Tier One, Two, and Three instruction. The self-study also revealed that technology was an important mode of modification used in today’s classroom for ELLs. Student learning implications were the need for RTI adjustments to better meet students’ need for motivating and engaging content and the creation of a RTI program, with the ESL population as the target audience. Implications for teachers included the requirement for modification to RTI meet the needs of ELLs, the importance of quality teacher investigation and collaboration to identify and address ELLs’ learning difficulties, and the creation of RTI with fluid movement of ELLs to other RTI instructional grade levels

RTI Implementation and Differentiation for Primary School English Language Learners

This paper explores how one English as a Second Language (ESL) teacher assistant implemented RTI scripted ELA interventions at the primary (K–2) level. Using a variety of research analysis methods, the lesson plan record and detailed journal from the period in which the self-study was conducted were thoroughly analyzed. The analysis resulted in the identification of at what point I recognized a need for changes to the RTI plans for my ELL students, how specifically the RTI plans were modified to better accommodate my ELLs’ needs, and finally, what resulted from the modifications that I implemented. Through this self-study, I determined six conclusions and five implications. I concluded that ELLs require modifications when using scripted lessons and manipulatives with motivation and engagement. I concluded that school administration need to actively reevaluate and adjust RTI schedules regularly, along with encouraging strong partnership between the providers of Tier One, Two, and Three instruction. The self-study also revealed that technology was an important mode of modification used in today’s classroom for ELLs. Student learning implications were the need for RTI adjustments to better meet students’ need for motivating and engaging content and the creation of a RTI program, with the ESL population as the target audience. Implications for teachers included the requirement for modification to RTI meet the needs of ELLs, the importance of quality teacher investigation and collaboration to identify and address ELLs’ learning difficulties, and the creation of RTI with fluid movement of ELLs to other RTI instructional grade levels.SUNY BrockportEducation and Human DevelopmentMaster of Science in Education (MSEd)Education and Human Development Master's These

CFD simulation of a safety relief valve for improvement of a one-dimensional valve model in RELAP5

In the Swedish nuclear power plants a structural verification of the pipe systems is a necessity to ensure that the pipes are strong enough to withstand the forces which can result from a sudden event. One example of a component which generates forces in the systems while operating is the safety relief valve. Safety relief valves are used in order to prevent overpressure in a process system by releasing a volume of fluid from the process when a predetermined maximum pressure is reached. In order to analyze the forces from water and steam in the pipe systems the software RELAP5, which performs calculations in one dimension, is commonly used within nuclear engineering. The valve model which is currently used when simulating a safety relief valve in RELAP5 is the motor valve model. However, the usage of this model with present settings results in forces higher than in reality in the pipe systems. The purpose of this project was to investigate how a safety relief valve can be modeled with CFD and to find interesting parameter relations to be implemented in RELAP5 in order to obtain more realistic results of generated forces in the pipe systems. The aim was to modify the currently used motor valve model and to develop a servo valve model which is a more flexible model to use in RELAP5. The purpose of this project was also to investigate if a CFD simulation in 2D of the valve gives similar results as a 3D simulation. The investigated valve in this project was a proportional valve. It starts to open at a set pressure of 31 bar(g) and is completely opened at 10 % overpressure, i.e. 34.1 bar(g), where the maximum lift of 8.5 mm is reached. The movement of the spindle is determined by the different forces acting on it. In this project the hydraulic forces, the spring force and the gravity force were considered. The CFD simulations were performed in ANSYS FLUENT v.13. Dynamic layering was used in order to change the mesh during the opening process of the valve. The 2D and 3D geometries were created and meshed in ANSA v.13.2.1. Axisymmetry was used as a boundary condition in the 2D model, and in the 3D model mirror symmetry was used. The used turbulence model was SST k-omega. A sensitivity analysis was performed in order to investigate if and to which extent different mesh densities, turbulence models and time step sizes influence the results of the CFD simulations. A verification of the 3D geometry and force calculations was performed, with the conclusion that they seem to be consistent with reality. The transient 2D and 3D simulations were conducted with both an instant and a gradual increase of inlet pressure. Differences could be observed between the 2D and 3D simulations but similarities were also evident. The simulations performed with a gradual increase of inlet pressure were verified with experimental data. Interesting relations were found such as that the total hydraulic force acting on the spindle is a function of different pressures in the valve and the mass flow through the valve. In the currently used motor valve model in RELAP5 an opening time of 1 ms, an instant increase of inlet pressure and the abrupt area change model are used. This model was modified by using an opening time of 41 ms which was a result from the 3D CFD simulation. This modification resulted in lower forces generated in the pipe right after the valve. The generated forces also reached more realistic magnitudes than the forces generated from the currently used model. A servo valve model was developed in RELAP5 by specifying all necessary relations, needed for the valve to function, in control variables. One relation from the CFD simulations, describing the total hydraulic force acting on the spindle, was implemented successfully. The usage of the abrupt area change model in combination with short pipes resulted in a stable system and realistic forces. The trends in the opening process were fairly consistent with reality when the inlet pressure was gradually increased. Both the motor and the servo valve model were also modified by using the smooth area change model including the implementation of a Cv table. This modification did not decrease the magnitude of the forces and instabilities were observed in the system. The opening process of the valve, simulated both with CFD and in RELAP5, is faster than the opening process observed in experimental data. This concludes that the models are conservative, which is a requirement within the nuclear industry

MECHANISMS OF CHROMATIN ENGAGEMENT BY THE VACCINIA-RELATED KINASE AND M-PHASE PHOSPHOPROTEIN 8

Understanding how chromatin proteins engage with their nucleosome substrate is essential to delineating their functions within chromatin, and how this function is disrupted in human disease states. In Chapters 2 and 3, we have characterized the mechanism of interaction for the Vaccinia-related kinase (VRK1) with its nucleosome substrate, which is a multivalent interaction governed by both heterogeneous DNA binding and engagement of the nucleosome acidic patch by an intrinsically disordered C-terminal tail. Using a combination of cryo-EM and molecular modeling approaches, we developed a model through which four individual arginine residues in the VRK1 C-terminal tail engage the nucleosome acidic patch, which can be extended to other scenarios of extended peptides with redundant arginines binding this region of the disc face. Two rare mutations of the VRK1 C-terminal nucleosome binding region were found to be deficient in their nucleosome interactions in vitro and in cells, suggesting a molecular mechanism for this mutation in the pathology of distal spinal muscular atrophy (dSMA). In Chapter 4, we solve the structures of three unique compounds bound to the M-phase phosphoprotein 8 (MPP8) chromodomain, a protein region which binds to trimethylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3) in cells to silence genetic regions. One of these compounds, UNC5246, was developed as a chemical probe to study the biology of the Human Silencing Hub (HUSH) complex and interacts with the MPP8 chromodomain as a peptidomimetic. The other compounds, UNC6475 and UNC7713, are closely related small-molecule compounds with applications for human therapies as MPP8 inhibitors. Structural analysis of the UNC6475/MPP8 chromodomain complex led directly to the development of UNC7713, a novel covalent inhibitor for MPP8 that is in development as a therapeutic for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).Doctor of Philosoph

Lifting Others

Medicine is full of paradoxes. As a species, we often need to take care of ourselves before we can take care of others. As humans, we become more energetic by the energy-intensive process of exercise. As physicians, we elevate ourselves by lifting others. Through all of the unexpected worries and complications that crop up in life – finances, illness, and indeed an understanding of our own mortality – it is through these three paradoxes of self-care that we survive the complications that life throws at us. During my first year of medical school, I have grown to understand how important taking care of myself, exercising, and having positive relationships with others is in dealing with adversity. This understanding was the inspiration for this drawing, in which a couple look out at their future – an ocean of uncertainty – and are determined to tackle it together