The Impact of Organisation Theory on the Project Performance: A case of Kilombero Sugar Company Limited (KSCL) in Morogoro Region

Sugar demands for Tanzania have expanded essentially as of late. One of the procedures embraced to make the tasks, sugar sales and demands sustainable is by implementing capital projects to meet the medium and long-term goals. However, studies have shown that an appropriate organisational theory is dependent upon the kind of work performed and the climate where the association directs its business. Subsequently, analysing the effect of organisational theory on the project performance in KSCL is a significant target of the examination. The exploration embraces an inductive contextual investigation approach with both qualitative and quantitative examination strategies for gathering and analysing the information. A sample size of 90 participants of the different classes of labourers was taken from the Company's all out of 912 population using convenience and purposive sampling techniques. Interviews and questionnaires were utilized as the primary instrument of information assortment for the study. The study found out that the organisational theory in place of KSCL is mechanistic which relates to projects in a very weak matrix structure due to the nature of its operations, the strategy adopted, the size of the company and the need to respond rapidly to the dynamic complexity of the external environment. However, this structure is the wellspring of serious issues in the execution of projects as the investigation uncovered and reasoned that a portion of the organisational structure related factors fundamentally influences contrarily to the classifications of the key performance index to be a specific time, cost and quality. Based on this, a project structure was recommended to be adopted among other recommendations made by the study. Keywords: Project, Performance, Organisational Structure, Organisation Theory

높은 감도와 선택성을 갖는 가스센서를 위한 메조포러스한 나노구조를 갖는 금속산화물 반도체의 합리적인 설계

학위논문(박사) - 한국과학기술원 : 신소재공학과, 2018.8,[vii, 99 p. :]The novel use of synthetic methods is an effective way to engineer the morphology of semiconducting metal oxide (SMO) based gas-sensing materials to overcome their shortcomings such as low sensitivity and poor intrinsic selectivity to target gases. Although the single-nozzle electrospraying and single-nozzle electrospinning are generally considered versatile techniques in the synthesis of spherical and fibrous SMO nanostructures, respectively, the sole dependence of porosity on the decomposition of the organic and polymeric matters during the calcination stage limits the introduction of ubiquitous porosity for diffusion of gases through these materials, resulting in low surface areas. This is because during a typical high temperature calcination, crystal sizes grow larger, accompanied with a consequent sintering of grain necks. In this dissertation, unprecedented templating techniques are introduced to synthesize highly porous hollow spheres, nanotubes, and core-shell/fiber-in-tube fibrous nanostructures by employing electrospraying etching, electrospinning etching, and electrospinning impregnation methods, respectively. The obtained SMO-based nanostructures afford meso/macroporous morphologies with short diffusion length, small crystallites, and large Brunauer Emmett Teller surface area. Accordingly, the synthesized materials exhibit outstanding sensitivity and selectivity properties toward gaseous disease biomarkers in human exhaled breath.한국과학기술원 :신소재공학과

Ga-Doped ZnO Microbelts Based Resistive-type Sensor for Detection of Acetylene Gas

Structural materials with shorter gas diffusion pathways, lower electrical resistance, and crystal size play a vital role in resistive-type gas sensors. In the present work, ZnO was doped with Ga to lower its electrical resistance and inhibit crystal growth for acetylene sensing. Ga-doped ZnO microbelts were synthesized by electrospinning a solution containing metal precursors and quillaja saponin as a template for the evolution of the belt structure, followed by calcination to achieve microbelts with a BET surface area of 68.5 m2 g–1, an average pore size of 4.6 nm, and ZnO crystals as small as 16.5 nm. The Ga-doped ZnO microbelts exhibited a response (Ra/Rg) of up to 21.0, and a fast response (7.6 s) to 20 ppm acetylene at 400 °C in dry conditions. The materials also showed outstanding repeatability of response of 10.04 ± 0.04 against 10 cycles of 5-ppm acetylene, a response of 2.0 to acetylene as low as 0.2 ppm, and excellent selectivity against 5 ppm of hydrogen, pentane, toluene, carbon monoxide, and methane. The results suggested that Ga doping could effectively improve the electrical conductivity and acetylene sensing performance of ZnO-based sensors

Electrospun ZnO-SnO2 Heterojunction Belts for Hydrogen Sensing

Abstract Chemiresistive sensors are promising devices for H2 sensing in a broad range of applications including fuel cells, hydrogen storage systems, petroleum refinement, and diagnosis of oil-insulated transformers. Herein, electrospun ZnO-SnO2 belts were synthesized and applied as resistive-type sensing layers for H2 sensing. The ZnO-SnO2 belts containing 20 mol% of Zn relative to Sn showed a response (Ra/Rg) of 6.7, fast response speed (3.6 sec), and a distinguishable selectivity toward 5 ppm H2 at 400°C in the presence of HCHO, CH4, NH3, CO, and CO2. The sensor displayed a repeatable response when subjected to 15 cycles of alternate air and 5 ppm H2 exposure. A unique H2 sensing performance of the belts was attributed to their belt morphology, numerous surface pores, smaller crystal size, ZnO/SnO2 heterojunction, and ZnO metallization following H2 exposure.</jats:p

Fabrication of Pd/ Ni Alloy Nanotubes Via Electrospinning for High Performance Hydrogen Detection

Hydrogen is one of the most important “next generation energy sources”, which is free for environment pollution, with water as the only emission. Due to the danger of hydrogen explosion when mixed with air, as well as the low specific heat capacity of hydrogen, the temperature required for combustion can be reached immediately even a little heat absorbed. Therefore, it’s necessary to search an effective way to monitor hydrogen leakage at room temperature. In this study, the Pd based hydrogen sensor was investigated. During the transduction process, volumetric expansion occurred due to the hydrogen absorption at room temperature to achieve safe hydrogen detection. Previous research indicated that Pd/Ni alloy films/ nanofibers can achieve higher catalytic activity, stability and sensitivity than pure Pd films/nanofibers due to the synergistic effect between Pd and Ni 1 ,2,3 . But both the films and nanofibers structures have limited specific surface area and therefore limited exposed hydrogen adsorption sites. To overcome these problems, we fabricated the porous Pd nanotubes alloyed with Ni by using Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and SiO2 templates electrospinning route, then the PVP and SiO2 templates were selectively removed by calcination and etching 4 , respectively. The sensing performance was measured by monitoring the resistance curves of sensing platform at various hydrogen concentrations. Compared to Pd/Ni nanofibers structures, tubular structures achieved lower LOD and higher sensitivity which are attributed to the high surface area and abundant hydrogen adsorption active sites. High performance Pd/Ni nanotubes can be successfully fabricated in an effective and facile approach for hydrogen detection at room temperature. At last, the effects of the concentration of Ni in Pd on the sensing performance was also investigated. References 1. Guangyang Bao et al, “Synergistic effect of the Pd–Ni bimetal/carbon nanofiber composite catalyst in Suzuki coupling reaction.” Org. Chem. Front., 2019, 6,352. 2. Wang, Boyi et al. “Palladium Nanofiber Networks Hydrogen Sensor and Hydrogen-Actuated Switches: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Sustainable Design and Manufacturing (KES-SDM-18).” 10.1007/978-3-030-04290-5_12. 3. Feng, Li et al. “Pd–Ni Alloy Nanoparticles as Effective Catalysts for Miyaura–Heck Coupling Reactions.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2015 119 (21), 11511-11515 DOI: 10.1021/jp510988m 4. Peresi Majura Bulemo et al, “Mesoporous SnO2 Nanotubes via Electrospinning−Etching Route:Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of H2S Molecule.” October 17, 2019 at 10:40:01 (UTC).</jats:p