The Boundless Lives of Black Britons: An Examination of Eighteenth Century Black British Citizens

Why were African and British African citizens living in England able to be free during a time of heightened slavery throughout the rest of the world, i.e., the colonies, the Caribbean, etc? How does their relationship with England and freedom compare to those living elsewhere? What can we learn about the status of Black people through media such as books and paintings during the eighteenth century? My topic discusses the free African/Black people who lived in England during the eighteenth century. The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are arguably the height of slavery worldwide, but free people did exist and lived during this period. England specifically had more of a progressive view of race in the eighteenth century and therefore did not support slavery within its country. I want to learn about the status of Black people in England, how they lived, and what their views and thoughts were. By learning about their status I can examine their multi-faceted relationship with England, considering race, racism, class, and gender. We already have a few examples from during this time, such as Dido Elizabeth Belle and Ignatius Sancho; we even see the base of this idea during the Tudor period in the 16th century. I will use these examples to answer my questions above by using their experiences to gain insight

Numerical Investigation of Wave Induced Scour Depth Around Slender and Grouped Monopile

Wave-induced scour around monopile foundations poses a critical challenge for offshore wind turbine design, affecting stability, serviceability, and maintenance costs. Despite extensive experimental studies, high-fidelity numerical tools are still needed to capture complex interactions between wave kinematics, sediment transport, and pile geometry. This study presents a numerical investigation of scour depth around slender monopiles under regular wave conditions. A validated three-dimensional CFD model (FLOW-3D) employing the Volume of Fluid method and RNG k–ε turbulence closure was used to simulate wave–structure–seabed interaction. Sediment transport was modeled using the Meyer–Peter and Müller bedload formulation and an advection–diffusion equation for suspended load. The influence of the Keulegan–Carpenter (KC) number was examined for KC = 8.8–24, covering inertia- and drag-dominated regimes. Results showed that higher KC values intensified vortex-induced sediment transport and scour, while lower KC values led to gradual development. A marked increase occurred beyond KC ≈ 14, indicating a regime shift in flow–sediment interaction. Grouped-cylinder cases at G/D = 1 and 2 showed that narrow spacing produced mutual sheltering and reduced scour, whereas wider spacing caused deeper localized erosion. Single monopile predictions matched experimental data and empirical formulas, demonstrating the model's predictive capability. These findings emphasize the strong KC dependence of scour and suggest that spacing ratios above G/D = 1.5 may help mitigate adverse group effects in array layouts under oscillatory wave forcing

Tarihsel ve kültürel boyutlarıyla Bingöl'de alevilik

Tarih boyunca birçok tanımı ve yorumu yapılan Alevîliği ele alan bu çalışmada; çıkış noktası olarak İslamın ilk yılları ele alınmıştır. Tarihi süreç içinde farklı tepkimeler sonucunda günümüze kadar ulaşan süreç neticesinde oluşan olaylar ve olaylara verilen tepkiler akademik tarafsızlık ilkesine bağlı kalınarak ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın ana konusu olan bölge Alevîlerinin nereden geldikleri, nasıl yerleştikleri, demografik yapıları, inanç ve ibadetleri, farklı kültürlerle etkileşimleri ve inançlarının sosyal yaşamlarına etkileri ele alınmıştır. Çalışma; Kârer bölgesi merkeze alınarak bölge Alevîleri hakkında bilinen doğru ve yanlışların alana inilerek, klasik ve yakın çağ kaynaklarına dayandırılarak bilim dünyasına sunulması sürecini içermektedir

Multidisciplinary treatment of non-syndromic oligodontia

Oligodontia is the agenesis of 6 or more teeth, excluding third molars. The etiology of congenital absence of teeth is believed to be rooted in heredity or developmental anomalies. The absence of teeth in patients can cause aesthetic, functional, and psychological problems, particularly if the anterior region is involved. This case report describes the multidisciplinary treatment approach toward a patient 17 years of age with non-syndromic oligodontia, with absence of 11 permanent teeth. Genetic counseling revealed non-syndromic, autosomal-recessive-linked oligodontia. The objectives of the first phase of therapy were pre-prosthetic orthodontic space opening for proper positioning of the missing teeth and correction of inter-maxillary relations, as a prerequisite for proper prosthetic restoration. The second phase of therapy was prosthetic restoration of the missing teeth and provision of occlusion with full-mouth porcelain fused to metal crowns and bridges after increasing occlusal vertical dimension by 2 mm

Fake it to make it:Exploring product counterfeiting in Türkiye

Purpose - This article explores the issue of product counterfeiting in Türkiye and assesses Türkiye's role in the global supply chain of counterfeit goods. It sheds light on the supply-side dynamics of counterfeiting in the Turkish context.Design/Methodology/Approach – Interviews were conducted with 46 key experts, including police officers, customs officers, and trademark attorneys. The study also incorporated data from a documentary analysis of counterfeit products seized by the Bulgarian Customs..Findings - The findings of this study highlight the significant role of Türkiye in international supply chains, serving as both a manufacturing hub for a wide array of counterfeit products and a crucial transit point for goods bound for European markets. This study suggests that counterfeiting serves as a source of livelihood for many individuals in Türkiye, with counterfeiters often justifying their activities by claiming they contribute to the country's economy through job creation and the influx of foreign currency.Originality - This article is an original contribution to the understanding of product counterfeiting in Türkiye, a major counterfeit producing country, with potential implications for the future of consumer protection and market integrity.Research Limitations/Implications - While qualitative research is essential for exploring nuanced aspects and gaining in-depth insights, it may not provide the statistical robustness and generalizability associated with larger quantitative studies. <br/

Is clinical experience important for obtaining the primary stability of dental implants with aggressive threads? An ex vivo study

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicians? experience on maintaining the primary stability of implants with aggressive threads belonging to a novel dental implant system. Three hundred implants with aggressive threads were inserted in fresh bovine ribs mimicking Type IV bone by five clinicians which were classified according to their previous experience of total number of implant insertion. An independent examiner measured the primary stability of all implants after insertion by using resonance frequency analysis (RFA), electronic percussive testing (EPT) and removal torque methods. No significant differences were detected between the stability values measured by the clinicians (p0.05). Significantly higher stability values were detected in the secondary insertion of the non-experienced clinician as compared to her initial insertion values (p >0.05). No significant differences were detected between the first and second measurements of the other clinicians (p< 0.05). Within the limitations of this ex-vivo study, it may be concluded that experience does not play an important role in maintaining the stability of implants with aggressive threads

A Color Stability Comparison of Conventional and CAD/CAM Polymethyl Methacrylate Denture Base Materials

Cilj: Željela se procijeniti stabilnost boje toplinski polimerizirajuće smole, autopolimerizirajuće smole, uretan-dimetakrilatne smole i CAD/CAM bloka od polimetilmetakrilata (PMMA) pohranjenih u različitim medijima. Materijali i metode: Za svaku skupinu proizvedeno je 60 uzoraka u obliku pločica (15 × 2 mm). Ukupno 240 uzoraka termociklirano je u 5000 ciklusa. Zatim su uzorci slučajnim odabirom podijeljeni u četiri skupine (n = 15) prema mediju za pohranu: kava, kola, crno vino i destilirana voda (kontrolna skupina). Mjerenje boje svakog uzorka obavljeno je spektrofotometrom prije pohranjivanja i poslije toga postupka (nakon 7 i 30 dana) te su izračunate razlike u boji (ΔE). Rezultati: U svim materijalima za bazu proteze dogodile su se promjene boje različitog stupnja nakon pohranjivanja u različitim medijima tijekom obaju mjerenja. U svim medijima za pohranjivanje CAD/CAM materijali minimalno su promijenili boju. U svim materijalima za izradu baze proteze crno vino uzrokovalo je veći stupanj promjene boje od kole ili kave. Zaključak: Stabilnost boje CAD/CAM materijala za izradu baze proteze bila je bolja od bilo koje druge vrste materijala. Vrijednosti promjene boje u svim skupinama pohranjenima u crnom vinu bile su klinički vidljive (osim Eclypsea).Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the color stability of a heat polymerized resin, an auto-polymerizing resin, a urethane dimethacrylate resin and a CAD/CAM PMMA block resin stored in different storage media. Material and methods: 60 disc-shaped specimens (15×2 mm) were fabricated for each group. A total of 240 disc-shaped specimens were thermal-cycled for 5,000 cycles. Then specimens were randomized into 4 groups (n= 15) according to storage media: coffee, coke, red wine and distilled water (control group). The color measurement of each sample was performed using a spectrophotometer before and after storage (after 7 and 30 days), and color changes (ΔE) were calculated. Results: All the denture base materials demonstrated dissimilar color changes after stored in the different storage media in both evaluation stages. In all storage media, CAD-CAM denture base resins showed the minimum in color change. In all denture base resins, red wine showed a higher degree of color change than coke or coffee. Conclusion: The color stability of CAD-CAM denture base resins is better than any of the other kind of denture base resins. The color change values of all groups except Eclypse stored in red wine had clinically detectable values

Effect of Educational Level on Oral Health in Peritoneal and Hemodialysis Patients

Background. In previous studies, the oral and dental health statuses were compared in hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients without taking into account the effect of educational levels on oral health. Hence we aimed to make a comparison of these parameters based upon the subjects educational levels. Patients and Methods. 76 PD (33 males, 43 females-mean age: 44 ± 12 years) and 100 HD (56 males, 44 females-mean age: 46 ± 14 years) patients were included. The number of decayed, missing and filled teeth were detected, DMFT index was calculated and plaque index (PI) values were assessed. Results. Significantly higher numbers of filled teeth (P < .001) and lower PI values (P < .01) in the PD group were detected with higher educational levels, whereas no significance was detected in the HD group. Higher DMFT index values were assessed in the lower educated and high school levels in PD than HD patients (P < .05). Higher numbers of filled teeth (P < .05) were detected in the secondary school level in PD patients. This difference was even more significant in the high school level (P < .001). Conclusion. We assume that PD patients, who were found to be in a higher educational level, are more caring for their oral health as compared to HD patients