Posterolateral Elbow Dislocation with Ipsilateral Fractures of Head and Distal End Radius

Elbow dislocation associated with ipsilateral fracture head and distal end radius is a rare pattern of Injury, although it is common for elbow dislocation and radius fractures to occur separately. We report a case of 35 year-old male who had a posterolateral elbow dislocation with ipsilateral fractures of head and distal end radius that underwent closed reduction and POP application and outcome is excellent with 9 months of follow-up

Learning from MARQuIS: future direction of quality and safety in hospital care in the European Union.

This article summarises the significant lessons to be drawn from, and the policy implications of, the findings of the Methods of Assessing Response to Quality Improvement Strategies (MARQuIS) project--a part of the suite of research projects intended to support policy established by the European Commission through its Sixth Framework Programme. The article first reviews the findings of MARQuIS and their implications for healthcare providers (and particularly for hospitals), and then addresses the broader policy implications for member states of the European Union (EU) and for the commission itself. Against the background of the European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme, it then outlines a number of future areas for research to inform policy and practice in quality and safety in Europe. The article concludes that at this stage, a unique EU-wide quality improvement system for hospitals does not seem to be feasible or effective. Because of possible future community action in this field, attention should focus on the use of existing research on quality and safety strategies in healthcare, with the aim of combining soft measures to accelerate mutual learning. Concrete measures should be considered only in areas for which there is substantial evidence and effective implementation can be ensured

Viral Reservoirs in Lymph Nodes of FIV-Infected Progressor and Long-Term Non-Progressor Cats during the Asymptomatic Phase.

BackgroundExamination of a cohort of cats experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) for 5.75 years revealed detectable proviral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) harvested during the asymptomatic phase, undetectable plasma viral RNA (FIV gag), and rarely detectable cell-associated viral RNA. Despite apparent viral latency in peripheral CD4+ T cells, circulating CD4+ T cell numbers progressively declined in progressor animals. The aim of this study was to explore this dichotomy of peripheral blood viral latency in the face of progressive immunopathology. The viral replication status, cellular immunophenotypes, and histopathologic features were compared between popliteal lymph nodes (PLNs) and peripheral blood. Also, we identified and further characterized one of the FIV-infected cats identified as a long-term non-progressor (LTNP).ResultsPLN-derived leukocytes from FIV-infected cats during the chronic asymptomatic phase demonstrated active viral gag transcription and FIV protein translation as determined by real-time RT-PCR, Western blot and in situ immunohistochemistry, whereas viral RNA in blood leukocytes was either undetectable or intermittently detectable and viral protein was not detected. Active transcription of viral RNA was detectable in PLN-derived CD4+ and CD21+ leukocytes. Replication competent provirus was reactivated ex vivo from PLN-derived leukocytes from three of four FIV-infected cats. Progressor cats showed a persistent and dramatically decreased proportion and absolute count of CD4+ T cells in blood, and a decreased proportion of CD4+ T cells in PLNs. A single long-term non-progressor (LTNP) cat persistently demonstrated an absolute peripheral blood CD4+ T cell count indistinguishable from uninfected animals, a lower proviral load in unfractionated blood and PLN leukocytes, and very low amounts of viral RNA in the PLN.ConclusionCollectively our data indicates that PLNs harbor important reservoirs of ongoing viral replication during the asymptomatic phase of infection, in spite of undetectable viral activity in peripheral blood. A thorough understanding of tissue-based lentiviral reservoirs is fundamental to medical interventions to eliminate virus or prolong the asymptomatic phase of FIV infection

High Transmissibility During Early HIV Infection Among Men Who Have Sex With Men-San Francisco, California.

We estimate the relative transmission rate in early versus later infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in San Francisco, California, by studying the characteristics of a sample of transmitters, recruited through newly diagnosed, recently infected MSM between 1996 and 2009. Of 36 transmitters identified, 9 were determined on the basis of testing history and serologic testing to have been recently infected. The unadjusted odds ratio of transmitting during early infection was 15.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.3–33.4; P < .001); the odds ratio was 8.9 (95% CI, 4.1–19.4) after adjustment for self-reported antiretroviral treatment. This high transmissibility could be due to both high infectiousness and high rates of sex partner change or concurrent partnerships

Ectopic expression of the HLXB9 gene is associated with an altered nuclear position in t(7;12) leukaemias

This article is available open access through the publisher’s website at the link below. Copyright @ 2009 Macmillan Publishers Ltd.No abstract available (Letter to the editor).The Leukaemia Research Fun

Modeling the evolution space of breakage fusion bridge cycles with a stochastic folding process

Breakage-Fusion-Bridge cycles in cancer arise when a broken segment of DNA is duplicated and an end from each copy joined together. This structure then 'unfolds' into a new piece of palindromic DNA. This is one mechanism responsible for the localised amplicons observed in cancer genome data. The process has parallels with paper folding sequences that arise when a piece of paper is folded several times and then unfolded. Here we adapt such methods to study the breakage-fusion-bridge structures in detail. We firstly consider discrete representations of this space with 2-d trees to demonstrate that there are 2^(n(n-1)/2) qualitatively distinct evolutions involving n breakage-fusion-bridge cycles. Secondly we consider the stochastic nature of the fold positions, to determine evolution likelihoods, and also describe how amplicons become localised. Finally we highlight these methods by inferring the evolution of breakage-fusion-bridge cycles with data from primary tissue cancer samples

Dirichlet boundary conditions in a noncommutative theory

We study the problem of imposing Dirichlet-like boundary conditions along a static spatial curve, in a planar Noncommutative Quantum Field Theory model. After constructing interaction terms that impose the boundary conditions, we discuss their implementation at the level of an interacting theory, with a focus on their physical consequences, and the symmetries they preserve. We also derive the effect they have on certain observables, like the Casimir energies.Comment: 19 pages, 1 figure, pdflate

The diversity and composition of moth assemblages of protected and degraded raised bogs in Ireland

1. Peatlands are a globally important habitat, which act as net carbon stores. Raised bogs in the midlands of Ireland are a diminishing and increasingly fragmented peatland habitat as a result of drainage, peat extraction and agricultural intensification. A network of protected sites has been established, which is intended to represent the best abiotic and plant community systems. 2. Lepidoteran communities are an important component raised bog biodiversity and may be useful as biodiversity indicators, yet they are a neglected area of research. We address this by surveying nocturnal lepidopteran communities on six degraded and six protected raised bogs. We collected 1,816 individuals (representing 93 species) across all sites. 2 3. Poisson generalised linear models were fitted to our count data and assessed using the Akaike information criterion (AIC) values. Models that included designation status were preferred for six species, three of which were more abundant on designated sites and three were more abundant on degraded sites. We discuss these findings in relation to the species’ known autecologies. Larval food plant choice, particularly due to the presence of invasive and non-typical plants, explained the alignment of species with undesignated sites. Other factors such as structural heterogeneity or nectar availability, may explain the alignment of most species with designated sites. 4. Rank abundance diagrams (RADs) of the total moth community were similar between protected and degraded sites, but the RADs of bog-associated species of conservation concern were different between protected and degraded sites with rarer bog associates being relatively better represented at the protected sites. This result was supported by Multi-response permutation-procedure (MRPP) analysis. 5. In general, differences between moth communities on degraded and protected raised bogs are rather subtle, with assemblages on both site types generally similar, but there is evidence that the “coarse filter” approach to conservation is working for some of the most important moth communities i.e. those that are bog-associated and of conservation concern. However, degraded sites may have a role to play in peatland invertebrate conservation, hitherto undervalued

Characterisation and expression of SPLUNC2, the human orthologue of rodent parotid secretory protein

We recently described the Palate Lung Nasal Clone (PLUNC) family of proteins as an extended group of proteins expressed in the upper airways, nose and mouth. Little is known about these proteins, but they are secreted into the airway and nasal lining fluids and saliva where, due to their structural similarity with lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein, they may play a role in the innate immune defence. We now describe the generation and characterisation of novel affinity-purified antibodies to SPLUNC2, and use them to determine the expression of this, the major salivary gland PLUNC. Western blotting showed that the antibodies identified a number of distinct protein bands in saliva, whilst immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated protein expression in serous cells of the major salivary glands and in the ductal lumens as well as in cells of minor mucosal glands. Antibodies directed against distinct epitopes of the protein yielded different staining patterns in both minor and major salivary glands. Using RT-PCR of tissues from the oral cavity, coupled with EST analysis, we showed that the gene undergoes alternative splicing using two 5' non-coding exons, suggesting that the gene is regulated by alternative promoters. Comprehensive RACE analysis using salivary gland RNA as template failed to identify any additional exons. Analysis of saliva showed that SPLUNC2 is subject to N-glycosylation. Thus, our study shows that multiple SPLUNC2 isoforms are found in the oral cavity and suggest that these proteins may be differentially regulated in distinct tissues where they may function in the innate immune response