La marca de 'vulgar' en el DRAE: de Autoridades a 1992

Tradicionalment els diccionaris han recollit una sèrie de comentaris referents a l'ús i, alhora, s'han mostrat reticents a admetre tot un conjunt de paraules considerades 'malsonants'. El present treball examina aquesta qüestió en el Diccionario de la Lengua Española, de la Real Academia, en dues vessants: el desenvolupament de la marca de vulgar des del Diccionario de Autoridades (1726-1739) fins a l'última edició (1992), i l'estat d'aquesta marca en l'actualitat. S'han d'assenyalar unes edicions fonamentals, en aquest desenvolupament, a més de Autoridades: l'edició de 1780, primera en un volum, on les marques es codifiquen per mitjà d'abreviatures; la de 1817, on s'elimina la marca de 'vulgar'; la de 1925, on es restitueix aquesta marca; i les últimes edicions, amb una més gran incorporació d'aquest lèxic, fins arribar a les 269 accepcions de l'edició de 1992. Les marques de 'vulgar' es poden caracteritzar en tres grups: aquelles que designen conceptes objecte de tabú, aquelles que pertanyen al lèxic de grups marginals i arcaismes vigents a zones rurals. El resultat és un conjunt heterogeni, producte de la reconeguda dificultat per establir un sistema de marques lexicogràficament acceptable. L'alternativa ha de ser una simplificació del sistema de marques i una més gran fonamentació sociolingüística.Traditionally dictionaries have recorded a series of comments on usage and at the same time have been unwilling to accept a whole range of words considered to be 'offensive'. This study undertakes a twofold examination of this question in the Diccionario de la Lengua Española of the Real Academia: the development of the label 'vulgar' from the Diccionario de Autoridades (1726-1739) to the latest edition (1992) and the present day state of such labelling. Autoridades aside, certain editions which are fundamental to this development should be mentioned: the first single volume edition in 1780, in which the labels are codified by means of abbreviations; the 1817 edition in which the 'vulgar' entries are excluded; the 1925 edition which reinstated this entry type; and the more recent editions which include a wider range of this type of lexis, accepting up to 269 meanings in the 1992 edition. Words labelled as 'vulgar' can be classified in three groups: those that refer to taboo concepts, those that belong to the lexis of marginal groups, and archaisms that still prevail in rural areas. The result is a heterogeneous block, a product of the recognised difficulty to establish a labelling system that is lexicographically acceptable. The alternative must be a simplification of the labelling system and a greater sociolinguistics base

Design and Performance Analysis of an Index Time Frequency Modulation Scheme for Optical Communications

In this article, we propose an index modulation system suitable for optical communications, based on jointly driving the time and frequency of the signal: an index-time frequency hopping (I-TFH) system. We analyze its performance from the point of view of its efficiency in power and spectrum, and its behavior in terms of error probability for the non-turbulent free-space optical (FSO) channel. We compare I-TFH with already proposed index modulated systems of the same nature, but where the amplitude or the number of transmitters are driven instead of the signal frequency. We derive and compare approximations for the average symbol and bit error probabilities of all these systems. The simulation results show that said approximations are tight enough for a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios and system parameters. Moreover, I-TFH shows to be better performing in BER and/or power efficiency than the comparative alternatives, and may offer interesting properties in a variety of contexts.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, 201

Pseudoscalar mixing in J/psi and psi(2S) decay

Based on the branching fractions of J/psi(psi(2S))-> VP from different collaborations, the pseudoscalar mixing is extensively discussed with a well established phenomenological model. The mixing angle is determined to be -14 degree by fitting to the new world average if only quark content is considered. After taking into account the gluonic content in eta and eta prime simultaneously, the investigation shows that eta favors only consisting of light quarks, while the gluonic content of eta prime is Z_{eta prime}^2=0.30\pm0.24.Comment: 8 page

Runaway electrification of friable self-replicating granular matter

We establish that the nonlinear dynamics of collisions between particles favors the charging of a insulating, friable, self-replicating granular material that undergoes nucleation, growth, and fission processes; we demonstrate with a minimal dynamical model that secondary nucleation produces a positive feedback in an electrification mechanism that leads to runaway charging. We discuss ice as an example of such a self-replicating granular material: We confirm with laboratory experiments in which we grow ice from the vapor phase in situ within an environmental scanning electron microscope that charging causes fast-growing and easily breakable palm-like structures to form, which when broken off may form secondary nuclei. We propose that thunderstorms, both terrestrial and on other planets, and lightning in the solar nebula are instances of such runaway charging arising from this nonlinear dynamics in self-replicating granular matter

Benchmarking clear-sky reflectances

Accurate calculations of shortwave reflectances in clear-sky aerosol-laden atmospheres are necessary for various applications in atmospheric sciences. However, computational cost becomes increasingly important for some applications such as data assimilation of top-of-atmosphere reflectances in models of atmospheric composition. This study aims to provide a benchmark that can help in assessing these two requirements in combination. We describe a protocol and input data for 44 080 cases involving various solar and viewing geometries, four different surfaces (one oceanic bidirectional reflectance function and three albedo values for a Lambertian surface), eight aerosol optical depths, five wavelengths, and four aerosol types. We first consider two models relying on the discrete ordinate method: VLIDORT (in vector and scalar configurations) and DISORT (scalar configuration only). We use VLIDORT in its vector configuration as a reference model and quantify the loss of accuracy due to (i) neglecting the effect of polarization in DISORT and VLIDORT (scalar) models and (ii) decreasing the number of streams in DISORT. We further test two other models: the 6SV2 model, relying on the successive orders of scattering method, and Forward-Lobe Two-Stream Radiance Model (FLOTSAM), a new model under development by two of the authors. Typical mean fractional errors of 2.8 % and 2.4 % for 6SV2 and FLOTSAM are found, respectively. Computational cost depends on the input parameters but also on the code implementation and application as some models solve the radiative transfer equations for a range of geometries while others do not. All necessary input and output data are provided as a Supplement as a potential resource for interested developers and users of radiative transfer models

El componente de selección adversa de la horquilla de precios cotizada : una revisión de los modelos de estimación

[email protected] [email protected] de las principales preocupaciones en el área de la microestructura del mercado ha sido la estimación de los componentes no observables de la horquilla de precios a partir de las series de datos que proporcionan los mercados financieros, despertando quizá un mayor interés el de selección adversa por la implicaciones que supone la existencia del mismo. Esto ha provocado el desarrollo de numerosos modelos empíricos que, basándose en las propiedades estadísticas de las series de precios, proporcionan dichas estimaciones. La mayor disponibilidad de datos existentes en los mercados ha permitido el desarrollo en los últimos años de modelos basados en técnicas estadísticas más complejas como son el método generalizado de momentos o la metodología VAR y cuya base de partida es la dinámica de la formación del precio, y, en concreto, cómo la información privada de las transacciones se recoge en los nuevos precios cotizados. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar este último grupo de trabajos, es decir, aquellos modelos de estimación de los componentes de la horquilla basados en la dinámica de la formación de precios que, además de permitir la estimación del componente de selección adversa en series temporales, suponen una herramienta fundamental para analizar el proceso de incorporación de la información a los precios cotizados en los distintos mercados.One of the main interests of market microstructure is the estimation of the bid–ask spread components from financial data, specially the adverse selection component given the implications of its own existence. As a result, several empirical models based on price time–series statistical properties have been developed in order to estimate them. Recent greater financial data availability has allowed the development of models that focus on price discovery and use more statistical complex methodologies like GMM or VAR. This paper analyses this set of models that allows the estimation of the bid–ask spread components from price dynamics, specifically, the estimation of the adverse selection component in time series. Actually, this sort of models are a powerful tool to investigate how information is incorporated into quotes