Estudo experimental em células-teste sobre a influência térmica de módulos fotovoltaicos aplicados em fachada em Curitiba/PR

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Francine Aidie RossiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil. Defesa : Curitiba, 23/06/2022Inclui referências: p. 132-142Resumo: A matriz elétrica brasileira é majoritariamente renovável devido à favorável condição hídrica do país. À medida que precisamos de mais energia, questões ambientais assim como sociais, econômicas e tecnológicas nos induzem à diversificação. A energia solar fotovoltaica se mostra uma alternativa com grande potencial de expansão por ser limpa e infinita. A produção de energia próximo ao local de consumo e a possibilidade de utilização de uma rede já existente reforçam a viabilidade. Opõe-se à perspectiva de grande crescimento o alto custo dos sistemas fotovoltaicos, sobretudo no Brasil pois apresentam pouca produção nacional. A tendência mundial em agregar mais de uma função ao módulo fotovoltaico vem para reforçar a aplicação deste como elemento arquitetônico, no revestimento e cobertura de edificações. Para esta prática denominada pela sigla em inglês BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaics), que pode ser traduzida como sistemas fotovoltaicos integrados à edificação, agrega-se ainda o termo Thermal quando há troca de potencial térmico com a edificação que recebe o sistema, transformando-se em BIPV/T. Além do potencial utilizado para aquecimento este sistema tende a evitar o aquecimento e assim a manutenção da eficiência na produção de energia das células fotovoltaicas. A utilização desta tecnologia exige conhecimento do comportamento térmico destes elementos por parte dos arquitetos e engenheiros. O presente trabalho visa avaliar de forma experimental os efeitos de um módulo fotovoltaico de Silício Policristalino aplicado sobre uma fachada. O experimento foi desenvolvido por comparação com a confecção de duas células-teste sendo que uma recebeu a instalação do módulo fotovoltaico na face orientada para o norte. As análises ocorreram pela comparação das temperaturas superficiais e do ar. Os resultados indicaram que a proteção do painel previne o aquecimento da célula nas condições de verão e favorece minimamente a inércia do conjunto. Também indicaram um potencial de aquecimento que, pela pouca inércia térmica da parede de alvenaria com pouca espessura e pela falta de comunicação com o ar do interior das células, não foi explorado.Abstract: The Brazilian electricity matrix is mostly renewable due to the country's favorable hydric condition. As we need more energy, environmental as well social, economic, and technological issues drive us to diversity. Photovoltaic solar energy is an alternative with great potential for expansion because it is clean and infinite. The production of energy close to the consumption point and the possibility of using an existing network reinforce the feasibility. Against the prospect of great growth is the high cost of photovoltaic systems, especially in Brazil which has little national production. The worldwide trend of adding more than one function to the photovoltaic module reinforces its application as an architectural element, in the coating and covering of buildings. For this practice called by BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaics), the term Thermal is also added when there is an exchange of thermal potential with the building that receives the system, becoming in BIPV/T. In addition to the potential used for heating, this system tends to avoid heating and thus maintain the efficiency in the energy production of photovoltaic cells. The use of this technology requires knowledge of the thermal behavior of these elements by architects and engineers. The present work aims to experimentally evaluate the effects of a polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic module applied on a facade. The experiment was developed by comparison with the manufacture of two test cells, one of which received the installation of the photovoltaic module on the north-facing face. The analyzes were carried out by comparing surface and air temperatures. The results indicated that the protection of the panel prevents the heating of the cell in summer conditions and minimally favors the inertia of the set. They also indicated a heating potential that, due to the low thermal inertia of the thin masonry wall and the lack of communication with the air inside the cells, was not explored

Special and inclusive education in the Republic of Ireland: reviewing the literature from 2000 to 2009

Provision for pupils with special educational needs in Ireland has undergone considerable change and review in the first decade of the twenty first century. In response to international demands for a more equitable education system which recognises diversity and considers how schools might address the needs of pupils who have been previously marginalised, Irish legislation has focused upon the development of inclusive schooling. Researchers during this period have endeavoured to understand how responses to the demand for greater inclusion have impacted upon the perceived need for change. This paper reviews the research literature for this period and identifies four key themes under which research has been conducted. The literature pertaining to these themes is explored and a possible agenda for future researchers identifie

Residential radon - Comparative analysis of exposure models in Switzerland.

Residential radon exposure is a major public health issue in Switzerland due to the known association between inhaled radon progeny and lung cancer. To confirm recent findings of an association with skin cancer mortality, an updated national radon model is needed. The aim of this study was to derive the best possible residential radon prediction model for subsequent epidemiological analyses. Two different radon prediction models were developed (linear regression model vs. random forest) using ca. 80,000 measurements in the Swiss Radon Database (1994-2017). A range of geographic predictors and building specific predictors were considered in the 3-D models (x,y, floor of dwelling). A five-fold modelling strategy was used to evaluate the robustness of each approach, with models developed (80% measurement locations) and validated (20%) using standard diagnostics. Random forest consistently outperformed the linear regression model, with higher Spearman's rank correlation (51% vs. 36%), validation coefficient of determination (R <sup>2</sup> 31% vs. 15%), lower root mean square error (RMSE) and lower fractional bias. Applied to the population of 5.4 million adults in 2000, the random forest resulted in an arithmetic mean (standard deviation) of 75.5 (31.7) Bq/m <sup>3</sup> , and indicated a respective 16.1% and 0.1% adults with predicted radon concentrations exceeding the World Health Organization (100 Bq/m <sup>3</sup> ) and Swiss (300 Bq/m <sup>3</sup> ) reference values

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Accommodating Learners With Dyslexia in English Language Teaching in Sri Lanka : teachers' knowledge, attitudes and challenges

As it is estimated that 10% of the world population has dyslexia or related learning difficulties, it is vital for language teachers to have a thorough understanding of such difficulties and of inclusive teaching techniques. It is believed that teacher training can increase teachers’ knowledge of dyslexia and inclusion, inculcate positive attitudes among them on inclusion and increase their self-efficacy beliefs. The study discussed in this paper analysed if a teacher training programme aimed at a group of ELT professionals in Sri Lanka could do the same and also the challenges that they would face in introducing inclusive practices into their context. A questionnaire and interview data revealed that the teacher training programme was able to change teachers’ negative attitudes towards dyslexia, increase their knowledge of dyslexia and inclusive practices and increase their readiness to implement inclusive classroom techniques. The findings also revealed that institutional barriers such as a rigid examination system and lack of flexibility in the curriculum may hinder how inclusive practices are implemented. In addition, negative socio-cultural ideology and some practical classroom problems may also affect implementation

Looking in the mirror: Reflecting on 25 years of Inclusive Education in Australia

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Taylor & Francis (Routledge) via the DOI in this record.Australia was an early signatory to the Salamanca Statement, and it espouses inclusive education (IE) as the overarching philosophy of education for all. A 2015 critique of IE in Australia (Anderson and Boyle 2015) found that while some gains had been made, particularly in the recognition of the needs of some of the nation’s minority groups, the lack of a nationally accepted understanding of IE meant that it was transpiring in fundamentally distinctive ways across the eight education jurisdictions, with different outcomes for different groups of students. This paper reflects upon why Australia has struggled to enact the recommendations outlined in the Salamanca Statement a quarter of a century ago. The impacts of current education reforms, including the current model of educational provision, the understanding of disability and educational need, and the neo-liberal concepts of standardisation, measurement, and choice are explored. It challenges the idea that IE is the work of schools, and instead argues the need for a national approach to IE. Governments must acknowledge the barriers that their current policies and structures erect and shift towards a more inclusive model of educational delivery – for the benefit of all children and young people in Australia

Integrating artificial with natural cells to translate chemical messages that direct E. coli behaviour

Previous efforts to control cellular behaviour have largely relied upon various forms of genetic engineering. Once the genetic content of a living cell is modified, the behaviour of that cell typically changes as well. However, other methods of cellular control are possible. All cells sense and respond to their environment. Therefore, artificial, non-living cellular mimics could be engineered to activate or repress already existing natural sensory pathways of living cells through chemical communication. Here we describe the construction of such a system. The artificial cells expand the senses of Escherichia coli by translating a chemical message that E. coli cannot sense on its own to a molecule that activates a natural cellular response. This methodology could open new opportunities in engineering cellular behaviour without exploiting genetically modified organisms

Becoming a special educator – Finnish and Swedish students' views of their future profession

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