Axiomatic method and the law

Whether an axiomatic approach to law is possible and useful today has to be perceived as unanswered. Perception of the axiomatic method among lawyers, however, is clouded by misunderstanding. Clarifying them may generate new discussion about the axiomatization of legal theories

Subsidized Jobs for Unemployed Workers in Slovakia

This paper uses an administrative dataset from the Slovak Republic on durations of individual unemployment spells. The focus of the analysis is on the effect of the duration of temporary subsidized jobs on the job finding rate of unemployed workers. It appears that the duration of the temporary jobs is an important determinant of the speed by which unemployed workers find regular jobs. In this sense shorter temporary jobs are more effective than long temporary jobs. The main reason for this is probably that temporary jobs with a long duration induce workers in the first period on the temporary job to search less intensive for a regular job than temporary jobs with a short duration do.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/39695/3/wp311.pd

Consistency of circuit lower bounds with bounded theories

Proving that there are problems in $\mathsf{P}^\mathsf{NP}$ that require boolean circuits of super-linear size is a major frontier in complexity theory. While such lower bounds are known for larger complexity classes, existing results only show that the corresponding problems are hard on infinitely many input lengths. For instance, proving almost-everywhere circuit lower bounds is open even for problems in $\mathsf{MAEXP}$. Giving the notorious difficulty of proving lower bounds that hold for all large input lengths, we ask the following question: Can we show that a large set of techniques cannot prove that $\mathsf{NP}$ is easy infinitely often? Motivated by this and related questions about the interaction between mathematical proofs and computations, we investigate circuit complexity from the perspective of logic. Among other results, we prove that for any parameter $k \geq 1$ it is consistent with theory $T$ that computational class ${\mathcal C} \not \subseteq \textit{i.o.}\mathrm{SIZE}(n^k)$, where $(T, \mathcal{C})$ is one of the pairs: $T = \mathsf{T}^1_2$ and ${\mathcal C} = \mathsf{P}^\mathsf{NP}$, $T = \mathsf{S}^1_2$ and ${\mathcal C} = \mathsf{NP}$, $T = \mathsf{PV}$ and ${\mathcal C} = \mathsf{P}$. In other words, these theories cannot establish infinitely often circuit upper bounds for the corresponding problems. This is of interest because the weaker theory $\mathsf{PV}$ already formalizes sophisticated arguments, such as a proof of the PCP Theorem. These consistency statements are unconditional and improve on earlier theorems of [KO17] and [BM18] on the consistency of lower bounds with $\mathsf{PV}$

Modeling Financial Incentives to Get Unemployed Back to Work

We model how unemployment benefit sanctions - benefit reductions that are imposed if unemployed do not comply with job search guidelines - affect unemployment. In our analysis we find that not only micro effects concerning the behavior of individual unemployed workers are relevant, but also macro-spillover effects from the additional creation of vacancies, which originates from the increased effectiveness of labor supply. We advocate that for a given loss in welfare for the unemployed benefit sanctions are more effective in reducing unemployment than an across the board reduction in the replacement rate.

Subsidized Jobs for Unemployed Workers in Slovakia

This paper uses an administrative dataset from the Slovak Republic on durations of individual unemployment spells. The focus of the analysis is on the effect of the duration of temporary subsidized jobs on the job finding rate of unemployed workers. It appears that the duration of the temporary jobs is an important determinant of the speed by which unemployed workers find regular jobs. In this sense shorter temporary jobs are more effective than long temporary jobs. The main reason for this is probably that temporary jobs with a long duration induce workers in the first period on the temporary job to search less intensive for a regular job than temporary jobs with a short duration do.unemployment, active labor market policy, temporal subsidized jobs, duration models

Why is there a Spike in the Job Finding Rate at Benefit Exhaustion?

Putting a limit on the duration of unemployment benefits tends to introduce a “spike” in the job finding rate shortly before benefits are exhausted. Current theories explain this spike from workers’ behavior. We present a theoretical model in which also the nature of the job matters. End-of-benefit spikes in job finding rates are related to optimizing behavior of unemployed workers who rationally assume that employers will accept delays in the starting date of a new job, especially if these jobs are permanent. We use a dataset on Slovenian unemployment spells to test this prediction and find supporting evidence. We conclude that the spike in the job finding rate suggests that workers exploit unemployment insurance benefits for subsidized leisure.unemployment benefits, spikes

Do We Need Crisis-Specific Labor Market Policies? Lessons from Dutch Miracle - Part II

Arbeitslosigkeit; Arbeitslosenversicherung; Arbeitsmarktpolitik; Wirkungsanalyse; Vergleich; Niederlande; Welt

Compact and Broadband Microstrip-Line-Fed Modified Rhombus Slot Antenna

The printed microstrip-line-fed broadband rhombus slot antenna is investigated in this paper. With the use of the offset microstrip feed line and the corner-truncated protruded ground plane, the bandwidth enhancement and the slot size reduction for the proposed slot antenna can be obtained. The experimental results demonstrate that the impedance bandwidth for 10 dB return loss reaches 5210 MHz (108.2%, 2210-7420 MHz), which is about 2.67 times of a conventional microstrip-line-fed rhombus slot antenna. This bandwidth can provide with the wireless communication services operating in wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) bands. Under the use of the protruded ground plane, the slot size can be reduced by about 52%. Details of simulated and measured results are presented and discussed

Spectroscopy of discrete energy levels in ultrasmall metallic grains

We review recent experimental and theoretical work on ultrasmall metallic grains, i.e. grains sufficiently small that the conduction electron energy spectrum becomes discrete. The discrete excitation spectrum of an individual grain can be measured by the technique of single-electron tunneling spectroscopy: the spectrum is extracted from the current-voltage characteristics of a single-electron transistor containing the grain as central island. We review experiments studying the influence on the discrete spectrum of superconductivity, nonequilibrium excitations, spin-orbit scattering and ferromagnetism. We also review the theoretical descriptions of these phenomena in ultrasmall grains, which require modifications or extensions of the standard bulk theories to include the effects of level discreteness.Comment: 149 pages Latex, 35 figures, to appear in Physics Reports (2001