Avaliação dos impactos econômicos, sociais e ambientais de tecnologias da Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste. 4. Técnicas de produção intensiva aplicadas a propriedades familiares produtoras de leite.

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Copper phytoextraction and phytostabilization by Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. in vineyard soils and a copper mining waste.

Brachiaria decumbens is a high biomass plant with great potential for phytoremediation of copper-polluted soils. The current study aimed to evaluate B. decumbens plants for phytoextraction and phytostabilization use in two different copper contaminated vineyard soils and a copper mining waste. Also, the macro and micronutrients uptake were evalu- ated after plants growth in copper contaminated soils. B. decumbens was cultivated in two vineyard soils (Inceptisol and Mollisol) and a copper mining waste for 47 days of growth in greenhouse. Then, B. decumbens?s nutrient uptake was evaluated, and it?s potential application in phytoremediation techniques for the phytoextraction and phytostabilization of copper contamination. B. decumbens exhibited high levels of biomass production at contaminated soils and no negative effect on macronutrients uptake was found. Copper contaminated soils affected micronutrients uptake by Brachiaria plants. This Brachiaria specie showed high potential on copper phytoextraction with accumulation of copper concentra- tions in the shoots and roots of 70 and 585 mg·kg?1 of dry mass, respectively, in the vineyard Inceptisol soil, after 47 days of growth. Mollisol soil and copper mining waste also exhibited high copper concentration in the biomass in the entire plant with 371 and 466 mg·kg?1, respectively. Although Brachiaria exhibited low levels of translocation factor for copper, this specie showed high potential for copper phytoextraction on Inceptisol, Mollisol and copper mining waste with 1900, 1156 and 1363 g·ha?1 of copper, respectively. In summary, B. decumbens plants showed high potential for copper phytoextraction and phytostabilization of copper on contaminated vineyard soils and copper mining waste

Variabilidade espacial e disponibilidade de zinco em solos de Vinhedos e adjacências da região vitícola de Jundiaí, SP.

In this paper we evaluate spatial distribution of zinc concentration in soils by DTPA in areas cultivated with vineyard and adjacencies. Kriging techniques were efficient to study spatial distribution of zinc in soils. The results shows a spatial correlation between zinc concentration in soils and vineyards. This results reflects a possible contamination in soils by agrochemicals application

Impacto social de inovações tecnológicas na agricultura familiar: tecnologias para produção de leite.

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Indicadores de determinação de cortes de cultivares de aveia forrageira.

A produção de matéria seca total (MS) aumenta em função da idade da planta, mas simultaneamente ocorre decréscimo progressivo do seu valor nutritivo. O presente trabalho teve a finalidade de determinar a combinações de épocas de primeiro corte com a de intervalos de cortes da rebrota que proporcionasse a maior produção de matéria seca de aveia com as melhores características nutritivas. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Em 1994, os tratamentos foram organizados em fatorial 3 x 4 [três indicadores de primeiro corte: 60 dias depois da emergência, início de emborrachamento (IE) e 10% plantas encanadas (PE = alongamento do colmo, com elevação do meristema apical); quatro indicadores de Intervalos de cortes da rebrota: 28 dias, 56 dias, IE, 10% PE]. Foram testados dois cultivares: São Carlos e UPF 3. Em 1995 e 1996, os tratamentos foram organizados em esquema fatorial 4 x 3 (4 intervalos de corte da rebrota: 28, 35, 42 e 56 dias; três cultivares: São Carlos, UPF 3 e IAPAR 61). Foram avaliados: produção de MS, teores de N, Ca, P, Mg, digestibilidade "in vitro' e fibra em detergenteneutro. Houve diferenças na producao de matéria seca e nas características nutritivas entre cultivares, épocas de primeiro corte e intervalos de cortes da rebrota. O primeiro corte deve ser feito com 10% PE, e os cortes da rebrota devem ser efetuados em intervalos de 28 a 35 dias

From dust bowl to dust bowl:soils are still very much a frontier of science

When the Soil Science Society of America was created, 75 yr ago, the USA was suffering from major dust storms, causing the loss of enormous amounts of topsoil as well as human lives. These catastrophic events reminded public officials that soils are essential to society’s well-being. The Soil Conservation Service was founded and farmers were encouraged to implement erosion mitigation practices. Still, many questions about soil processes remained poorly understood and controversial. In this article, we argue that the current status of soils worldwide parallels that in the USA at the beginning of the 20th century. Dust bowls and large-scale soil degradation occur over vast regions in a number of countries. Perhaps more so even than in the past, soils currently have the potential to affect populations critically in several other ways as well, from their effect on global climate change, to the toxicity of brownfield soils in urban settings. Even though our collective understanding of soil processes has experienced significant advances since 1936, many basic questions still remain unanswered, for example whether or not a switch to no-till agriculture promotes C sequestration in soils, or how to account for microscale heterogeneity in the modeling of soil organic matter transformation. Given the enormity of the challenges raised by our (ab)uses of soils, one may consider that if we do not address them rapidly, and in the process heed the example of U.S. public officials in the 1930s who took swift action, humanity may not get a chance to explore other frontiers of science in the future. From this perspective, insistence on the fact that soils are critical to life on earth, and indeed to the survival of humans, may again stimulate interest in soils among the public, generate support for soil research, and attract new generations of students to study soils

Necessidade de instrumentação para monitorar nitrato no perfil de solo, em tempo real.

No município de São Carlos, SP na Fazenda canchim, do Centro de Pesquisa de Pecuária do Sudeste (CPPSE/EMBRAPA), entre cotas altimétricas de 680 e 911m, sob clima tropical de altitude, e conduzido um sistema intensivo de produção de leite de bovinos a pasto, com pastejo totacionado no período das águas (out/nov-mar/abr), na cabeceira da microbacia do ribeirão Canchim. O solo e latossolo vermelho-amarelo arenoso, originalmente distrófico, manejado com tobiata (Panicum maximum), recebendo elevada dose de fertilizante nitrogenado mineral. O monitoramento de teor de nitrato em uma destas áreas revelou que: 1) os teores de nitrato variam entre 9 e 33 mg dm, faixa verificada na literatura, apesar da alta dose de fertilizante nitrogenado aplicada, 2) existe dificuldade no monitoramneto de nitrato em solos, devido a problemas com amostragem de terra, 3) ocorre grande variabilidade nos teores de nitrato em curto espaço de tempo, que necessita ser melhor estudada, para que possa haver melhor gerenciamento de atividades agrícolas de precisão