Estrutura da pastagem e padrões de desfolhação em capim-mombaça em diferentes alturas do dossel forrageiro Sward structure and defoliation patterns in mombaçagrass according to different canopy heights

Com o objetivo de avaliar o padrão de desfolhação em pastagens de capim-mombaça (Panicum maximum, Jacq.), novilhas leiteiras da raça HPB foram submetidas, em testes de pastejo, a cinco alturas de dossel (60, 80, 100, 120 e 140 cm), em um delineamento completamente casualizado, com duas repetições. Caracterizou-se a estrutura do dossel por meio de: altura; oferta de forragem, massa de forragem e de lâminas foliares; densidade volumétrica da forragem, de colmos mais bainhas e de lâminas foliares; densidade populacional de perfilhos; número e comprimento de lâminas foliares expandidas e em expansão. Com o aumento da altura do dossel, observou-se redução linear (Y= 0,369606 + 0,001555 x, R² = 0,5560, P = 0,008) na probabilidade de desfolhação das plantas, como resultado da maior massa de forragem. Com o incremento em altura do dossel, notadamente à altura de 85 cm, os animais passaram a ingerir maior proporção de lâminas foliares expandidas à medida que as mesmas apresentaram-se mais acessíveis, apesar da maior preferência por lâminas foliares em expansão. A intensidade de desfolhação das folhas expandidas diminuiu linearmente (Y= 80,866791 – 0,370979 x, R² = 0,6076, P = 0,004), refletindo o aumento em seu comprimento (Y= -104,311106 + 2,877570 x – 0,012035 x², R² = 0,9271, P = 0,002) e também a maior resistência à apreensão, imposta pela idade das folhas. Com o aumento em altura do dossel, o padrão de desfolhação foi alterado, de maneira que os animais passaram a executar um pastejo mais periférico nas touceiras e com acesso reduzido às folhas em expansão, de melhor valor nutritivo.<br>To evaluate the pattern of defoliation in a Mombaça (Panicum maximum) grass pasture, experimental paddocks were grazed by Holstein heifers to maintain canopy height of: 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 cm height. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two replications. The assessed sward structures were: canopy height; herbage and leaf lamina mass; canopy, sheath plus stems and leaves bulk density; tiller density and number and length of fully-expanded and emerging leaves. Linear decrease in plant defoliation probability (Y= 0.369606 + 0.001555 x, R² = 0.5560, P = 0.008) was observed as pasture height increased, as a reflection of increasing canopy herbage mass. Ingestion of fully expanded leaves increased with canopy height, mainly for the 85 cm canopy, in spite of the animal preference for emerging leaves. The intensity of defoliation of fully expanded leaves decreased linearly (Y= 80.866791 – 0.370979 x, R² = 0.6076, P = 0.004), reflecting their increased length (Y= -104.311106 + 2.877570 x – 0.012035 x², R² = 0.9271, P = 0.002) and their greater resistance to apprehension by the animal, as well. The increase in canopy heights changed defoliation pattern of the animals, as the animals began to graze around the plants, due to the restricted access to the younger leaves, of greater nutritive value

Behavior pattern of beef heifers supplemented with different energy sources on oat and ryegrass pasture

The objective of this study was to evaluate behavior patterns of heifers grazing on black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), fed supplementation with brown rice meal and/or protected fat. A total of 28 Charolais × Nellore crossbred heifers at average initial age of 18 months and with initial live weight of 274.9±4.97 kg were used in the experiment. Animals were kept in oat + ryegrass pastures and distributed in the following treatments: no supplementation; Megalac (MEG): protected fat supplementation; supplementation with brown rice meal (BRM); and supplementation with BRM + MEG. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake of pasture either in kg or in percentage of live weight was not changed by supply of supplement, but increased linearly (0.045 kg per day) over grazing periods. Supplementation with BRM and BRM + MEG reduced grazing time, 49.63%, in relation to non-supplemented animals and animals supplemented with MEG, 63.13%. Feeding seasons per minute increased over the experimental period with reduction in time spent in each feeding station. The number of bites per feeding station decreased linearly, with a variation of 34.48% in the late grazing period. Heifers supplemented with BRM and BRM + MEG require less time for grazing and increase their idle time, with no modification in displacement patterns within the paddocks and pasture ingestion. Grazing and idle time does not change in the distinct periods of pasture use, but rumination time increases with days of pasture use and with increase in NDF intake