Contemporary visions of masculinity

Актуальность исследования связана с пересмотром образа «настоящего мужчины» в современном обществе. Во второй половине XX в. явно проявляется кризис маскулинности, который выражается в размывании/противоречивости требований традиционного канона маскулинности, а также в отсутствии самой возможности у современных мужчин соответствовать классическим требованиям. Это влияет на поведение и самоощущения взрослых мужчин и меняет процессы социализации подрастающего поколения мальчиков. Парадигмальной основой данного исследования выступает теория социального конструктивизма. Рассматриваются представления о наполнении образа «мужественности» - подходы к определению понятия, анализируются факторы трансформации феномена маскулинности, приводятся данные эмпирического исследования. Эмпирические данные получены с помощью социологических исследований в рамках качественной парадигмы. Использованы два метода: фокус-группы, где информантами выступали женщины, воспитывающие сыновей, и полуструктурированные интервью с молодыми мужчинами. В результате обнаруживается отсутствие не только единых представлений о содержательной наполненности образа маскулинно- сти, но и отсутствие единодушия относительно самого наличия сугубо мужских качеств. Хотя в целом можно выявить некие характеристики, которые конвенционально должны быть свойственны «настоящим мужчинам», значительная часть качеств признается относительной. К тому же анализ не позволяет выявить какие-либо качества, которые признаются как исключительно принадлежащие мужчинам и не требующиеся для женщин в современном обществе.Contemporary society offers a revised version of the true masculinity. The revision occurred in the second half of the XXth century and manifested itself through the internal contradictions in the canon of masculinity. These were further aggravated by sheer impossibility for men to qualify as masculine in classical sense. The situation affects both grown men's self esteem and behavior and modifies boy's socialization. Using constructivism as a framework, the authors analyse the components and interpretations of «masculinity» and the factors transforming the latter. The data used in the article include focus-group and personal interview transcripts. The focus-groups involved single boy-raising mothers while the interviewees were young adult males. The methods revealed both the lack of coherent composition of the model masculinity and the absence of mutual opinion concerning the sheer existence of masculine qualities. Although some characteristics could be more or less consensually perceived as «true masculine», most were recognized as at least relative. Furthermore, the analysis did not reveal any features recognized as purely masculine because of their high relevance for a successful contemporary woman

Contribution of microstructural parameters to strengthening in an ultrafine-grained Al-7%Si alloy processed by severe deformation

An Al-7%Si alloy was severely deformed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) to study the refinement of the microstructure and associated changes of mechanical properties. The initial coarse dendritic structure was broken into an elongated sub-micron grain/subgrain structure, with high dislocation density, and distributed fine Si particles. The Si particles in the composite are seen to induce a high dislocation density during deformation and lead to faster structural refinement than in a monolithic alloy with the same composition as the matrix. The additional strengthening of the composite relative to the monolithic alloy is due to both the finer grain size and the high retained dislocation density. Severe plastic deformation leads also to an improvement of the ductility of the strong material due to the refinement of both matrix microstructure and the Si particlesWe should like to acknowledge financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science under project number MAT2003-01540, as well as the award of a Juan de la Cierva post-doctoral fellowship for one of the authors (I.G.)Peer reviewe

Crystallographic analysis of rock grain orientation at meso- and microscale levels

This paper studies the results of electron backscatter diffraction analysis of naturally deformedpolycrystalline olivine. It also defines the dependence of lattice-preferred orientations of grains on their microstructural position and size. The authors detect the basic mechanisms, consequence and thermal dynamic modes of deformation. They also show that the development of a polycrystalline structure is determined by the following consecutive activation of sliding systems (010)[100] → {0kl}[100] → (100)[010] → {100}[001] → {110}[001], when dislocation sliding and diffusion creep change under the temperature decrease from 1000°C to 650°C

Research of the Additional Losses Occurring in Optical Fiber at its Multiple Bends in the Range Waves 1310nm, 1550nm and 1625nm Long

Article is devoted to research of the additional losses occurring in the optical fiber at its multiple bends in the range waves of 1310 nanometers, 1550 nanometers and 1625 nanometers long. Article is directed on creation of the external factors methods which allow to estimate and eliminate negative influence. The automated way of calculation of losses at a bend is developed. Results of scientific researches are used by engineers of "Kazaktelekom" AS for practical definition of losses service conditions. For modeling the Wolfram|Alpha environment - the knowledge base and a set of computing algorithms was chosen. The greatest losses are noted on wavelength 1310nm and 1625nm. All dependences are nonlinear. Losses with each following excess are multiplicative