Swimming with captive dolphins: current debates and post-experience dissonance

Dolphins have widespread contemporary appeal and anthropomorphic social representations of dolphins have fuelled a growing desire in tourist populations to seek interaction with them. This paper is concerned with the staged performance of swim-with-dolphin interaction programmes in aquaria. Qualitative interviews with tourists who have swum with captive dolphins identified their immediate recollections and stressed the grace, size and power of dolphins, but also a belief that the experience was too staged, too short and too expensive. Post-purchase dissonance focused on concerns with the size of enclosures and about captivity, too many tricks, limited interpretation and unfulfilled expectations of a quality interaction

Research and in situ conservation of owl monkeys enhances environmental law enforcement at the Colombian-Peruvian border

This study reports on impacts of illegal trade in owl monkeys (Aotus nancymaae, A. vociferans) for the biomedical research market in the Colombian-Peruvian Amazonian border. Through freedom of information requests and interviews with hunters we found that 912 owl monkeys, including A. nancymaae captured in Peru, were trapped over a 3-month period in 2012 to supply a malaria research facility based in Leticia, Colombia, which had trapping permits for the use of only 800 A. vociferans annually yet experimentation took place using A. nancymaae. High levels of extraction in Peru have had population-level impacts with significantly lower densities of Aotus spp. (3-24individuals/km2) compared to Colombian sites with low hunting pressure (26-44individuals/km2). Post-experimental release of this species in Colombian territory has created a new distribution whose status and impacts on resident populations of A. vociferans remain unknown. The trapping method has also had environmental impact, with loss of over 65,000 trees (including sleeping sites), annually. As Aotus species are registered under the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix II, international trade requires official permission and evidence that extraction does not impact wild populations. However, no official records exist and CITES legislation has failed, due principally to a lack of appropriate monitoring by national authorities responsible for compliance. Of further concern is that we had previously documented and reported the illegal trade to the appropriate governmental authorities yet still no action was taken-as demonstrated by the continuing trade in 2013. Enforcement eventually occurred when a non-governmental organization initiated legal action against organizations responsible. A successful second instance ruling by the Colombian State's Council in 2013 revoked trapping permits. Using the trade in owl monkeys as a case study we consider implementation, compliance, and enforcement of CITES in the border area to identify mechanisms to improve enforcement of environmental legislation. Am. J. Primatol. 76:658-669, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

World Wildlife Trade Report (a pilot edition for CoP19)

CITES is the global treaty that regulates international trade in nearly 40,000 species of wild animals and plants, including timber and marine species, that are included in its Appendices. This World Wildlife Trade Report is a first attempt to provide as comprehensive an overview of wildlife trade as possible from all angles. It considers the routes, scale and patterns of international trade in CITES-listed species, together with the values, conservation impacts and socio-economic benefits of such trade as well as the linkages between legal and illegal trade. It aims to present a balanced view of the positive and the negative sides of wildlife trade

Spatial analysis of aerial survey data reveals correlates of elephant carcasses within a heavily poached ecosystem

Growth of the illegal wildlife trade is a key driver of biodiversity loss, with considerable research focussing on trafficking and trade, but rather less focussed on supply. Elephant poaching for ivory has driven a recent population decline in African elephants and is a typical example of illegal wildlife trade. Some of the heaviest poaching has been in Southern Tanzania's Ruaha-Rungwa ecosystem. Using data from three successive aerial surveys and modern spatial analysis techniques we identify the correlates of elephant carcasses within the ecosystem, from which important information about how poachers operate can be gleaned. Carcass density was highest close to wet-season (but not dry season) waterholes, at higher altitudes and at intermediate travel cost from villages. We found no evidence for an ecosystem-wide impact of ranger patrol locations on carcass abundance, but found strong evidence that different ranger posts showed contrasting patterns in relation to carcasses, some being significantly associated with clusters of carcasses, others showing the expected negative correlation and most showing no pattern at all. Despite a spatial change in elephant carcass locations between years, we find little evidence to suggest poachers have changed their behaviour in relation to key modelled covariates. Our maps of poaching activity can feed directly into anti-poaching control measures, but also provide general insights into how illegal harvest of high value wildlife products occurs in the field, and our spatio-temporal analysis provides a valuable analysis framework for aerial survey data from protected areas globally

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora : Appendices I, II and III : valid from 25 November 2023

Over 40,900 species – including roughly 6,610 species of animals and 34,310 species of plants – are protected by CITES against over-exploitation through international trade. They are listed in the three CITES Appendices. The species are grouped in the Appendices according to how threatened they are by international trade. They include some whole groups, such as primates, cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises), sea turtles, parrots, corals, cacti and orchids. But in some cases only a subspecies or geographically separate population of a species (for example the population of just one country) is listed. The table below shows the approximate numbers of species that are included in the CITES Appendices as of 23 February 2023. The abbreviation "spp." is used to denote species; "sspp." for subspecies; “var.” for varieties; "popns" for populations

Does size matter for horny beetles? A geometric morphometric analysis of interspecific and intersexual size and shape variation in Colophon haughtoni Barnard, 1929, and C. kawaii Mizukami, 1997 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)

Colophon is an understudied, rare and endangered stag beetle genus with all species endemic to isolated mountain peaks in South Africa’s Western Cape. Geometric morphometrics was used to analyse intersexual and interspecific variation of size and shape in the mandibles, heads, pronota and elytra of two sympatric species: Colophon haughtoni and Colophon kawaii. All measured structures showed significant sexual dimorphism, which may result from male-male competition for females. Female mandibles were too small and featureless for analysis, but male Colophon beetles possess large, ornate mandibles for fighting. Males had significantly larger heads and pronota that demonstrated shape changes which may relate to resource diversion to the mandibles and their supporting structures. Females are indistinguishable across species, but males were accurately identified using mandibles, heads and pronota. Male C. kawaii were significantly larger than C. haughtoni for all structures. These results support the species status of C. kawaii, which is currently in doubt due to its hybridisation with C. haughtoni. We also demonstrate the value of geometric morphometrics as a tool which may aid Colophon conservation by providing biological and phylogenetic insights and enabling species identification

Interpol and the Emergence of Global Policing

This chapter examines global policing as it takes shape through the work of Interpol, the International Criminal Police Organization. Global policing emerges in the legal, political and technological amalgam through which transnational police cooperation is carried out, and includes the police practices inflected and made possible by this phenomenon. Interpol’s role is predominantly in the circulation of information, through which it enters into relationships and provides services that affect aspects of governance, from the local to national, regional and global. The chapter describes this assemblage as a noteworthy experiment in developing what McKeon called a frame for common action. Drawing on Interpol publications, news stories, interviews with staff, and fieldwork at the General Secretariat in Lyon, France, the history, institutional structure, and daily practices are described. Three cases are analyzed, concerning Red Notices, national sovereignty, and terrorism, in order to explore some of the problems arising in Interpol’s political and technical operating arrangements. In conclusion, international and global policing are compared schematically, together with Interpol’s attempts to give institutional and procedural direction to the still-evolving form of global policing

A guide to using the CITES Trade Database : version 9

The following guide is designed as an aid to understanding the CITES Trade Database and the data it contains. Due to the complexities of interpreting CITES trade data, it is highly recommended that all those interested in using the CITES Trade Database read this guidance prior to using the data

Movement patterns of forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis Matschie, 1900) in the Odzala-Kokoua National Park, Republic of Congo

[Otros] Les éléphants de forêt d'Afrique (Loxodonta cyclotis Matschie, 1900) sont des ingénieurs en écologie qui jouent un rôle fondamental dans la dynamique de la végétation. L'espèce constitue une préoccupation immédiate pour la conservation, mais elle est relativement peu étudiée. Pour combler cette lacune de connaissances, nous avons étudié les facteurs de déplacements quotidiens (déplacements linéaires) des éléphants de forêt ¿ caractérisés par un ensemble de variables géographiques, météorologiques et anthropiques ¿ dans le Parc National d'Odzala¿Kokoua, en République du Congo. Concrètement, nous avons utilisé la forêt d'arbres décisionnels pour modéliser et démêler les principaux facteurs environnementaux régissant les déplacements de six éléphants de forêt, équipés de colliers GPS et suivis pendant 16 mois. Les résultats ont montré que les femelles se déplaçaient plus loin que les mâles, tandis que la présence de routes ou d¿établissements humains perturbait le comportement des éléphants, ce qui accélérait les déplacements. Les éléphants de forêt se déplaçaient plus rapidement dans les cours d¿eau et dans les forêts dont le sous¿bois était dominé par les forêts de Marantaceae et les bais, mais se déplaçait plus lentement dans les savanes. Enfin, les zones inondables ¿ characterisées par l¿altitude et les précipitations accumulées ¿ et les températures plus élevées empêchaient des déplacements plus longs. Nous espérons que ces résultats amélioreront les connaissances sur les mouvements des espèces à travers différents habitats, ce qui serait bénéfique pour la gestion de leur conservation.[EN] African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis Matschie, 1900) are ecological engineers that play a fundamental role in vegetation dynamics. The species is of immediate conservation concern, yet it is relatively understudied. To narrow this knowledge gap, we studied the drivers of daily movement patterns (linear displacements) of forest elephants¿characterised by a set of geographical, meteorological and anthropogenic variables¿in the Odzala¿Kokoua National Park, Republic of Congo. Explicitly, we used conditional random forest to model and disentangle the main environmental factors governing the displacements of six forest elephants,fitted with GPS collars and tracked over 16 months. Results indicated that females moved further distances than males, while the presence of roads or human settlements disrupted elephant behaviour resulting in faster displacements. Forest elephants moved faster along watercourses and through forest with understory dominated by Marantaceae forests and bais, but moved slower in savannahs. Finally, flood¿prone areas¿described by elevation and accumulated precipitation¿and higher temperatures prevented longer displacements. We expect these results to improve the knowledge on the species movements through different habitats, which would benefit its conservation management.The fieldwork was financed by African Parks. We are grateful to the Congolese wildlife authorities (Ministère de l'Économie Forestière et de l'Environnement) for the permission to carry out this study, and we are deeply indebted to the director of the OKNP and to the conservation, wildlife monitoring and research manager, Erik Marav, respectively, for their continued support during our study. We are particularly grateful to Dr. Mike Kock, veterinarian, for collaring the elephants and to the field tracking team. We are also grateful to Séan Cahill for the useful comments and English correction that helped improve this manuscript. The authors of the present study certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organisation or entity with any financial or nonfinancial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.Molina-Vacas, G.; Muñoz-Mas, R.; Martinez-Capel, F.; Rodriguez-Teijeiro, JD.; Le Fohlic, G. (2019). Movement patterns of forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis Matschie, 1900) in the Odzala-Kokoua National Park, Republic of Congo. African Journal of Ecology. 58:23-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12695S233358Arlot, S., & Celisse, A. (2010). A survey of cross-validation procedures for model selection. Statistics Surveys, 4(0), 40-79. doi:10.1214/09-ss054Bermejo, M. (1999). Status and conservation of primates in Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. Oryx, 33(4), 323-331. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00081.xBirkett, P. J., Vanak, A. T., Muggeo, V. M. R., Ferreira, S. M., & Slotow, R. (2012). Animal Perception of Seasonal Thresholds: Changes in Elephant Movement in Relation to Rainfall Patterns. PLoS ONE, 7(6), e38363. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038363Blake, S., Deem, S. L., Strindberg, S., Maisels, F., Momont, L., Isia, I.-B., … Kock, M. D. (2008). Roadless Wilderness Area Determines Forest Elephant Movements in the Congo Basin. PLoS ONE, 3(10), e3546. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003546Blake, S., Douglas-Hamilton, I., & Karesh, W. B. (2001). GPS telemetry of forest elephants in Central Africa: results of a preliminary study. African Journal of Ecology, 39(2), 178-186. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2028.2001.00296.xBlake, S., Strindberg, S., Boudjan, P., Makombo, C., Bila-Isia, I., Ilambu, O., … Maisels, F. (2007). Forest Elephant Crisis in the Congo Basin. PLoS Biology, 5(4), e111. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050111Bohrer, G., Beck, P. S., Ngene, S. M., Skidmore, A. K., & Douglas-Hamilton, I. (2014). Elephant movement closely tracks precipitation-driven vegetation dynamics in a Kenyan forest-savanna landscape. Movement Ecology, 2(1). doi:10.1186/2051-3933-2-2Breiman, L. (2001). Machine Learning, 45(1), 5-32. doi:10.1023/a:1010933404324Breuer, T., Maisels, F., & Fishlock, V. (2016). The consequences of poaching and anthropogenic change for forest elephants. Conservation Biology, 30(5), 1019-1026. doi:10.1111/cobi.12679Buij, R., McShea, W. J., Campbell, P., Lee, M. E., Dallmeier, F., Guimondou, S., … Alonso, A. (2007). Patch-occupancy models indicate human activity as major determinant of forest elephant Loxodonta cyclotis seasonal distribution in an industrial corridor in Gabon. Biological Conservation, 135(2), 189-201. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.10.028CLARK, C. J., POULSEN, J. R., MALONGA, R., & ELKAN, Jr., P. W. (2009). Logging Concessions Can Extend the Conservation Estate for Central African Tropical Forests. Conservation Biology, 23(5), 1281-1293. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01243.xCrooks, K. R., Burdett, C. L., Theobald, D. M., King, S. R. B., Di Marco, M., Rondinini, C., & Boitani, L. (2017). Quantification of habitat fragmentation reveals extinction risk in terrestrial mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(29), 7635-7640. doi:10.1073/pnas.1705769114De Beer, Y., & van Aarde, R. J. (2008). Do landscape heterogeneity and water distribution explain aspects of elephant home range in southern Africa’s arid savannas? Journal of Arid Environments, 72(11), 2017-2025. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.07.002De Knegt, H. J., van Langevelde, F., Skidmore, A. K., Delsink, A., Slotow, R., Henley, S., … Prins, H. H. T. (2010). The spatial scaling of habitat selection by African elephants. Journal of Animal Ecology, 80(1), 270-281. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01764.xDi Marco, M., Buchanan, G. M., Szantoi, Z., Holmgren, M., Grottolo Marasini, G., Gross, D., … Rondinini, C. (2014). Drivers of extinction risk in African mammals: the interplay of distribution state, human pressure, conservation response and species biology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369(1643), 20130198. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0198Vladimir, D., & Jon, H. (2018). Mammalwatching: A new source of support for science and conservation. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 10(4), 154-160. doi:10.5897/ijbc2017.1162Elliot, N. B., Cushman, S. A., Loveridge, A. J., Mtare, G., & Macdonald, D. W. (2014). Movements vary according to dispersal stage, group size, and rainfall: the case of the African lion. Ecology, 95(10), 2860-2869. doi:10.1890/13-1793.1Fishlock, V., & Lee, P. C. (2013). Forest elephants: fission–fusion and social arenas. Animal Behaviour, 85(2), 357-363. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.11.004Friedman, J. H. (2001). machine. The Annals of Statistics, 29(5), 1189-1232. doi:10.1214/aos/1013203451GOBUSH, K. S., MUTAYOBA, B. M., & WASSER, S. K. (2008). Long-Term Impacts of Poaching on Relatedness, Stress Physiology, and Reproductive Output of Adult Female African Elephants. Conservation Biology, 22(6), 1590-1599. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01035.xGoldenberg, S. Z., Douglas-Hamilton, I., Daballen, D., & Wittemyer, G. (2016). Challenges of using behavior to monitor anthropogenic impacts on wildlife: a case study on illegal killing of African elephants. Animal Conservation, 20(3), 215-224. doi:10.1111/acv.12309Goldenberg, S. Z., Douglas-Hamilton, I., & Wittemyer, G. (2018). Inter-generational change in African elephant range use is associated with poaching risk, primary productivity and adult mortality. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 285(1879), 20180286. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.0286Gonzalez-Voyer, A., González-Suárez, M., Vilà, C., & Revilla, E. (2016). Larger brain size indirectly increases vulnerability to extinction in mammals. Evolution, 70(6), 1364-1375. doi:10.1111/evo.12943Graham, M. D., Douglas-Hamilton, I., Adams, W. M., & Lee, P. C. (2009). The movement of African elephants in a human-dominated land-use mosaic. Animal Conservation, 12(5), 445-455. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00272.xHarris, G., Thirgood, S., Hopcraft, J., Cromsight, J., & Berger, J. (2009). Global decline in aggregated migrations of large terrestrial mammals. Endangered Species Research, 7, 55-76. doi:10.3354/esr00173Hothorn, T., Hornik, K., & Zeileis, A. (2006). Unbiased Recursive Partitioning: A Conditional Inference Framework. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 15(3), 651-674. doi:10.1198/106186006x133933Johnson, D. D. P., Kays, R., Blackwell, P. G., & Macdonald, D. W. (2002). Does the resource dispersion hypothesis explain group living? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 17(12), 563-570. doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(02)02619-8Kolowski, J. M., Blake, S., Kock, M. D., Lee, M. E., Henderson, A., Honorez, A., & Alonso, A. (2010). Movements of four forest elephants in an oil concession in Gabon, Central Africa. African Journal of Ecology, 48(4), 1134-1138. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01204.xLAURANCE, W. F., CROES, B. M., TCHIGNOUMBA, L., LAHM, S. A., ALONSO, A., LEE, M. E., … ONDZEANO, C. (2006). Impacts of Roads and Hunting on Central African Rainforest Mammals. Conservation Biology, 20(4), 1251-1261. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00420.xLoarie, S. R., Aarde, R. J. V., & Pimm, S. L. (2009). Fences and artificial water affect African savannah elephant movement patterns. Biological Conservation, 142(12), 3086-3098. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.008Maisels, F., Strindberg, S., Blake, S., Wittemyer, G., Hart, J., Williamson, E. A., … Amsini, F. (2013). Devastating Decline of Forest Elephants in Central Africa. PLoS ONE, 8(3), e59469. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059469May, R., Dandy, G., & Maier, H. (2011). Review of Input Variable Selection Methods for Artificial Neural Networks. Artificial Neural Networks - Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications. doi:10.5772/16004Metsio Sienne, J., Buchwald, R., & Wittemyer, G. (2013). Differentiation in mineral constituents in elephant selected versus unselected water and soil resources at Central African bais (forest clearings). European Journal of Wildlife Research, 60(2), 377-382. doi:10.1007/s10344-013-0781-0Mills, E. C., Poulsen, J. R., Fay, J. M., Morkel, P., Clark, C. J., Meier, A., … White, L. J. T. (2018). Forest elephant movement and habitat use in a tropical forest-grassland mosaic in Gabon. PLOS ONE, 13(7), e0199387. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199387Muñoz-Mas, R., Fukuda, S., Pórtoles, J., & Martínez-Capel, F. (2018). Revisiting probabilistic neural networks: a comparative study with support vector machines and the microhabitat suitability for the Eastern Iberian chub (Squalius valentinus). Ecological Informatics, 43, 24-37. doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2017.10.008Muñoz-Mas, R., Fukuda, S., Vezza, P., & Martínez-Capel, F. (2016). Comparing four methods for decision-tree induction: A case study on the invasive Iberian gudgeon ( Gobio lozanoi ; Doadrio and Madeira, 2004). Ecological Informatics, 34, 22-34. doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2016.04.011Poulsen, J. R., Koerner, S. E., Moore, S., Medjibe, V. P., Blake, S., Clark, C. J., … White, L. J. T. (2017). Poaching empties critical Central African wilderness of forest elephants. Current Biology, 27(4), R134-R135. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.023Poulsen, J. R., Rosin, C., Meier, A., Mills, E., Nuñez, C. L., Koerner, S. E., … Sowers, M. (2018). Ecological consequences of forest elephant declines for Afrotropical forests. Conservation Biology, 32(3), 559-567. doi:10.1111/cobi.13035Ripple, W. J., Abernethy, K., Betts, M. G., Chapron, G., Dirzo, R., Galetti, M., … Young, H. (2016). Bushmeat hunting and extinction risk to the world’s mammals. Royal Society Open Science, 3(10), 160498. doi:10.1098/rsos.160498Sánchez‐Montoya, M. M., Moleón, M., Sánchez‐Zapata, J. A., & Tockner, K. (2016). Dry riverbeds: corridors for terrestrial vertebrates. Ecosphere, 7(10). doi:10.1002/ecs2.1508Schuttler, S. G., Blake, S., & Eggert, L. S. (2012). Movement Patterns and Spatial Relationships Among African Forest Elephants. Biotropica, 44(4), 445-448. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2012.00889.xSHORT, J. C. (1983). Density and seasonal movements of forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis, Matschie) in Bia National Park, Ghana. African Journal of Ecology, 21(3), 175-184. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1983.tb01179.xSnyman, S. L. (2012). The role of tourism employment in poverty reduction and community perceptions of conservation and tourism in southern Africa. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3), 395-416. doi:10.1080/09669582.2012.657202Stokes, E. J., Strindberg, S., Bakabana, P. C., Elkan, P. W., Iyenguet, F. C., Madzoké, B., … Rainey, H. J. (2010). Monitoring Great Ape and Elephant Abundance at Large Spatial Scales: Measuring Effectiveness of a Conservation Landscape. PLoS ONE, 5(4), e10294. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010294Strobl, C., Boulesteix, A.-L., Zeileis, A., & Hothorn, T. (2007). Bias in random forest variable importance measures: Illustrations, sources and a solution. BMC Bioinformatics, 8(1). doi:10.1186/1471-2105-8-25Strobl, C., Hothorn, T., & Zeileis, A. (2009). Party on! The R Journal, 1(2), 14. doi:10.32614/rj-2009-013Turkalo, A. K. (2013). Estimating forest elephant age. African Journal of Ecology, 51(3), 501-505. doi:10.1111/aje.12087Turkalo, A. K., Wrege, P. H., & Wittemyer, G. (2013). Long-Term Monitoring of Dzanga Bai Forest Elephants: Forest Clearing Use Patterns. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e85154. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085154Wasser, S. K., Brown, L., Mailand, C., Mondol, S., Clark, W., Laurie, C., & Weir, B. S. (2015). Genetic assignment of large seizures of elephant ivory reveals Africa’s major poaching hotspots. Science, 349(6243), 84-87. doi:10.1126/science.aaa2457WILLIAMS, T. M. (1990). Heat transfer in elephants: thermal partitioning based on skin temperature profiles. Journal of Zoology, 222(2), 235-245. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb05674.xWittemyer, G., Northrup, J. M., Blanc, J., Douglas-Hamilton, I., Omondi, P., & Burnham, K. P. (2014). Illegal killing for ivory drives global decline in African elephants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(36), 13117-13121. doi:10.1073/pnas.1403984111WREGE, P. H., ROWLAND, E. D., THOMPSON, B. G., & BATRUCH, N. (2010). Use of Acoustic Tools to Reveal Otherwise Cryptic Responses of Forest Elephants to Oil Exploration. Conservation Biology, 24(6), 1578-1585. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01559.xYoung, K. D., Ferreira, S. M., & Van Aarde, R. J. (2009). Elephant spatial use in wet and dry savannas of southern Africa. Journal of Zoology, 278(3), 189-205. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00568.