Creative thinking and design

A criatividade, uma qualidade que vem sendo revalorizada, principalmente no âmbito da formação de equipes de trabalho trabalho, mostra-se ainda como um ponto de tensão no campo do design. Ao mesmo tempo em que é entendida como elemento fundamental para os processos de design, a criatividade ainda é mistificada pela maior parte dos designers como algo indecifrável e inatingível. Assim, este artigo faz uma aproximação entre a concepção jungiana sobre criatividade, advinda da área da psicologia, e os processos de design. Somando-se a isso, são destacadas algumas ferramentas e técnicas sobre criatividade, as quais podem contribuir com a atividade do designer.Abstract: The creativity is a quality that has been revalued, especially in the training of work teams work, but still shows up as a point of tension in the design field. While it is understood as a fundamental element for the design process, creativity is still mystified by most designers as something indecipherable and unattainable. This article makes a connection between the Jungian concept of creativity and design process, highlighting some tools and techniques on creativity, which may contribute to the activity designer

VARIANCE COMPONENTS AND RESPONSE TO SELECTION FOR REPRODUCTIVE, LITTER AND GROWTH TRAITS THROUGH A MULTI-PURPOSE INDEX

Variance components and genetic trends were estimated for number of services/parturition (NS), parturition interval (PI), number born alive (NB), number weaned/litter born (NW), litter weaning weight (LW), 30-d individual weaning (WW) and 70-d (W70) weights and a mullipltHrait selection index (MI) in rabbits from a closed population in Botucatu, Southeast Brazil. Phenolypic values for two litter (NW and LWW), and two individual performance (WW and W70) traits were included in the index. Individual selection according to the multiple-trait index was practised for a 2.6-yr period (January 1992 through July 1994). Performance records collected for five years (July 1989 through July 1994) on 2,162 parturitions, 2,122 litters, and 10,440 individuals were included in the analyses. The general model used to estimate variance components and breeding values included the random effects of animal, maternal genetic, and permanent dam effects (for reproductive and litter traits) or common litler effects (for individual weight traits), and fixed effects of parity, parturition date, sex (for individual weight traits) and covariates of the inbreeding coefficient of the dam (for reproductive and litter traits) or of the rabbit and its dam (for individual weight traits). Inbreeding coefficients ranged from 0 to 0.36. For reproductive and litter traits, estimates of permanent dam effects ranged from 0.03 to 0.09 and estimates of direct heritability ranged from 0.02 to 0.05. The estimated genetic correlation between NS and PI was 0.73. For WW, W70, and MI, estimates of direct and maternal heritabilities and direct-maternal genetic correlation were 0.08, 0.08 and 0.28; 0.18, 0.05 and 0.76; and -0.35, 0.59 and -0.46, respectively. Estimated common litter effects for WW and W70 were 0.44 and 0.26, respectively. Estimates of direct genetic trends/yr for NS, PI, NB, NW and LW were -0.0037 ± 0.0003 services, -0.200 ± 0.030 d, 0.034 ± 0.010 young/litter, 0.039 ± 0.006 young/litter, and 35.2 ± 4.6 g, respectively. Estimates of direct and maternal genetic trends/yr were 6.74 ± 0.39 g and 1.58 ± 0.60 g for WW; 17.20 ± 1.22 g and 8.35 ± 0.71 g for W70; and 4.91 ± 0.65 and -2.34 ± 0.39 for MI. Individual weight traits showed meaningful genetic trends with multiple-trait selection, whereas reproductive and litter traits showed slight, but favourable genetic changes. lt seems possible to achieve slow, but simultaneous improvement of litler and growth traits with a multiple­trait selection program in rabbits.Abstract not available

Metodologia de selecção e optimização de maquinaria agrícola.

No desenvolvimento deste estudo aplicaram-se diversas metodologias de calculo tais como dias disponíveis, reacção das alfaias, características de tracção do tractor, capacidades reais de trabalho e custos horários. Estas, aliadas aos meios informáticos actuais, transformam-se em ferramentas extremamente úteis e eficazes no dimensionamento de um parque de máquinas. Elaborou-se um programa informático em linguagem FORTRAN que contempla a metodologia de cálculo do dimensionamento do parque de máquinas, a qual designamos de S.O.M.A. (Selecção Optimização Maquinaria Agrícola). O S.O.M.A. é constituído por 4 subprogramas, não tendo os seus resultados ligação directa aplicada entre si. No entanto esses resultados convergem todos para a concretizarão do objectivo principal, que é a selecção da máquina/alfaia que melhor sirva uma determinada situação. Realizou-se um ensaio de campo numa parcela de 2.4 hectares da Escola Superior Agrária de Castelo Branco em que foram acompanhadas várias operações culturais, com o objectivo de comparação dos resultados observados com os simulados pelo programa S.O.M.A. Dos registos efectuados, o cálculo dos dias disponíveis apresenta o maior erro relativamente aos valores observados; nos restantes métodos parcelares de cálculo o erro verificado é mínimo, o que traduz a validade desta metodologia como ferramenta útil no dimensionamento do parque de máquinas.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

VARIANCE COMPONENTS AND RESPONSE TO SELECTION FOR REPRODUCTIVE, LITTER AND GROWTH TRAITS THROUGH A MULTI-PURPOSE INDEX

[EN] Variance components and genetic trends were estimated for number of services/parturition (NS), parturition interval (PI), number born alive (NB), number weaned/litter born (NW), litter weaning weight (LW), 30-d individual weaning (WW) and 70-d (W70) weights and a multipltHrait selection index (MI) in rabbits from a closed population in Botucatu, Southeast Brazil. Phenotypic values for two litter (NW and LWW), and two individual performance (WW and W70) traits were included in the index. Individual selection according to the multiple-trait index was practised for a 2.6-yr period (January 1992 through July 1994). PerfQrrnance records collected for five years (July 1989 through July 1994) on 2,162 parturitions, 2,122 litters, and 10,440 individuals were included in the analyses. The general model used to estimate variance components and breeding values included the random effects of animal, maternal genetic, and permanent dam effects (for reproductive and litter traits) or common litter effects (for individual weight traits), and fixed effects of parity, parturition date, sex (for individual weight traits) and covariates of the inbreeding coefficient of the dam (for reproductiva and litter traits) or of the rabbit and its dam (for individual weight traits). lnbreeding coefficients ranged from O to 0.36. For reproductive and litter traits, estimates of permanent dam effects ranged from 0.03 to 0.09 and estimates of direct heritability ranged from 0.02 to 0.05. The estimated genetic correlation between NS and PI was 0.73. For WW, W70, and MI, estimates of direct and maternal heritabilities and direct-maternal genetic correlation were 0.08, 0.08 and 0.28; 0.18, 0.05 and 0.76; and -0.35, 0.59 and -0.46, respectively. Estimated common litter effects for WW and W70 were 0.44 and 0.26, respectively. Estimates of direct genetic trends/yr for NS, PI, NB, NW and LW were -0.0037 ± 0.0003 services, -0.200 ± 0.030 d, 0.034 ± 0.010 young/litter, 0.039 ± 0.006 young/litter, and 35.2 ± 4.6 g, respectively. Estimates of direct and maternal genetic trends/yr were 6.74 ± 0.39 g and 1.58 ± 0.60 g for WW; 17.20 ± 1.22 g and 8.35 ± 0.71 g for W70; and 4.91 ± 0.65 and -2.34 ± 0.39 for MI. Individual weight traits showed meaningful genetic trends with multiple-trait selection, whereas reproductive and litter traits showed slight, but favourable genetic changes. lt seems possible to achieve slow, but simultaneous improvement of litter and growth traits with a multipletrait selection program in rabbits.[FR] Les composantes de la variance et les parametres génétiques ont été estimés pour le nombre d'accouplements nécessaires par mise bas (NS), l'intervalle entre deux mises bas consécutives (PI), le nombre de lapereaux nés vivants par portée (NB), le nombre sevrés par portée née (NW), le poids de portée au sevrage (LW), le poids individue\ lors du sevrage a 30 jours (WW) puis a 70 jours (W70) et enfin pour un index de sélection multi-caracteres (MI), chez des lapins élevés en population fermée a Botucatu dans le sud-est du Brésil. L'index de sélection comprend deux valeurs phénotypiques liées a la portée (NW et LW) et deux valeurs individuelles (WW et W70). Une sélection individuelle d'apres la valeur de l'index multicaractéres a été effec.~uée pendan! 2,6 années (de janvier 1992 a juillet 1994). La mesure des caracteres a été effectuée sur une pério,de totale de 5 ans, de juillet 1989 a juillet 1994. Les données collectées porten! sur 2162 mises bas et 2122 portées. L'analyse des performances individuelles a été effectuée sur 1 O 440 lapereaux. Le modele général utilisé pour estimer la variance et les parametres d'élevage incluait d'une part les effets aléatoires de !'animal, de la génétique maternelle, ainsi l'effet maternal permanent (pour les caracteres de reproduction ou relatifs a la portée) ou l'effet moyen de portée (pour les ~aracteres individuels), et d'autre part les effets fixes de la parité, de la date de mise bas, du sexe (pour les poids individuels), ainsi que le coefficient de consanguinité de la mere (pour les caracteres de reproduction ou reliées a la portées), ou des lapereaux et de leur mére (pour les caracteres individuels) comme covariables. Les coefficients de consanguinité variaient de 0,0 a 0,36. Pour les caracteres de reproduction ou relatifs a la portée, les estimées des effets permanents de la mere varient de 0,03 a 0,09. Les estimées de l'héritabilité directe varient de 0,02 a 0,05. L'estimation de la corrélation génétique entre NS et PI est de 0,73. Les estimations de l'héritabilité directe, de l'héritabilité maternelle et celle de la corrélation génétique entre les effets direct et maternel ont été de 0,08 - 0,08 et 0,28 pour WW, de 0,18 - 0,05 et 0,76 pour W70 et enfin de -0,35 de 0,59 et de -0,46 pour MI. Les estimées de l'effet commun de portée ont été 0,44 et 0,26 pour WW et W70 respectivement. Les estimées des effets génétiques annuels directs pour NS, PI, NB, NW et LW ont été de -0,0037 ± 0,0003 accouplements, -0,200 ± 0,030 jours, 0,034 ± 0,010 lapereaux nés par portée, 0,039 ±006 lapereaux sevrés par mise bas, et 35,2 ± 4,6 g respectivement. Les estimées des effets génétiques annuels directs et maternels ont été de 6,74 ± 0,39 g et 1,58 ± 0.60 g pour WW, de 17,20 ±1,22 et 8,35 ± 0,71 g pour W70 et enfin de 4,91 ± 0,65 et -2,34 ± 0,39 pour MI. Les caracteres individuels pondéraux montrent une réponse génétique nette a la sélection avec l'index multi-caracteres utilisé par les auteurs, tandis que les caracteres de reproduction ou relatifs aux portées montrent une évolution génétique plus faible mais dans le sens favorable. Ainsi, grace a une sélection avec un index multi-caracteres il semble possible d'obtenir chez le lapin une amélioration lente mais simultanée des caracteres relatifs aux portées et de ceux relatifs a la croissance.This research project has been partialy funded by grants from CNPq, FAPESP and FUNDUNESP, Brazil. The authors would like to thank Mrs. Irene F. Arruda for technical assistanceMoura, A.; Costa, A.; Polastre, R. (2001). VARIANCE COMPONENTS AND RESPONSE TO SELECTION FOR REPRODUCTIVE, LITTER AND GROWTH TRAITS THROUGH A MULTI-PURPOSE INDEX. World Rabbit Science. 9(2). https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2001.449SWORD9