Observations préliminaires sur les insectes nuisibles à l'araza (Eugenia stipitata McVaugh, Myrtaceae), nouvelle culture fruitière en Amazonie

L'araza (#Eugenia stipitata McVaugh, #Myrtaceae) est un arbuste fruitier amazonien récemment domestiqué, qui présente un fort potentiel agro-industriel. Afin d'inventorier les insectes nuisibles, des évaluations ont été entreprises entre 1988 et 1992 dans les plantations de trois centres de recherche et dans deux plantations privées, proches d'Iquitos, en Amazonie péruvienne. Neuf espèces nuisibles ont été identifiées dont cinq affectent les fruits, trois sont des défoliateurs et la dernière coupe les rameaux. Quatre de ces espèces sont considérées comme nuisibles : #Anastrepha obliqua, #Conotrachelus eugeniae et #Atractomerus immigrans, qui influent sur la qualité et le volume des fruits récoltés ainsi que #Plectrophoroides impressicollis qui peut détruire totalement les inflorescences. (Résume d'auteur

Insectos plaga del arroz en Loreto, Amazonia peruana

The rice is extensively cultivated on the bank of the Ucayali River in the Peruvian Amazonia. Some plantations have been visited and sampled to make an inventory of the phytofagous insects of this crop. Fifteen species of pests of rice are reported. Three of them are considered as potentially dangerous for the rice in this region : #Diatraea saccharalis F., #Oebaleus poecilus Dallas and #Tibraca limbativentris$ Stal. (Résumé d'auteur

Los insectos plaga del camu camu (Myrciaria dubia H.B.K.) y del araza (Eugenia stipitata Mc Vaugh) identificacion y control

Le camu camu (#Myrciaria dubio H.B.K.) et l'araza (#Eugenia stipitata Mc Vaugh) sont des cultures nouvelles en Amazonie péruvienne. Dans ce travail sont citées 21 espèces d'insectes nuisibles au camu camu, parmi lesquelles 6 espèces doivent être considérées comme des ravageurs économiquement importants, ce sont : #Austrotachardiella sp, #Ceroplastes sp., #Conotrachelus sp.1., #Dysmicoccus brevipes Cock, #Tuthillia cognata Hodk. y #Xylosandrus compactus Heichh. Sur araza 9 espèces ont été répertoriées, dont 4 sont des ravageurs importants : #Anastrepha obliqua Macq., #Atractomerus immigrans Clark, #Conotrachelus sp. 2 y #Plectrophoroides impressicollis Chevr. Quelques espèces nouvelles pour la science ont été décrites récemment ou sont en cours d'étude. On donne les premières informations sur les espèces dont la biologie et l'écologie n'étaient pas connues, ainsi que des méthodes de contrôle adaptées au système de gestion des plantations. (Résumé d'auteur

Notas sobre los artropodos que viven en el pijuayo (Bactris gasipaes H.B.K. : Palmae) en la Amazonia peruana

The peachpalm, #Bactris gasipaes$ H.B.K. is cultivated in the Amazon basin and in Central America for its fruits and for the production of heart palm. Several insects and mites attack it. Some observations in Peruvian Amazonia on those pests and other associated insects are reported. Some species are new for Peru. (Résumé d'auteur

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor acts on retinal microglia/macrophage activation in a rat model of ocular inflammation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) neutralizing antibodies injected in the vitreous of rat eyes influence retinal microglia and macrophage activation. To dissociate the effect of anti-VEGF on microglia and macrophages subsequent to its antiangiogenic effect, we chose a model of acute intraocular inflammation. METHODS: Lewis rats were challenged with systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection and concomitantly received 5 µl of rat anti-VEGF-neutralizing antibody (1.5 mg/ml) in the vitreous. Rat immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype was used as the control. The effect of anti-VEGF was evaluated at 24 and 48 h clinically (uveitis scores), biologically (cytokine multiplex analysis in ocular media), and histologically (inflammatory cell counts on eye sections). Microglia and macrophages were immunodetected with ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1) staining and counted based on their differential shapes (round amoeboid or ramified dendritiform) on sections and flatmounted retinas using confocal imaging and automatic quantification. Activation of microglia was also evaluated with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IBA1 coimmunostaining. Coimmunolocalization of VEGF receptor 1 and 2 (VEGF-R1 and R2) with IBA1 was performed on eye sections with or without anti-VEGF treatment. RESULTS: Neutralizing rat anti-VEGF antibodies significantly decreased ocular VEGF levels but did not decrease the endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) clinical score or the number of infiltrating cells and cytokines in ocular media (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein [MCP]-1). Eyes treated with anti-VEGF showed a significantly decreased number of activated microglia and macrophages in the retina and the choroid and decreased iNOS-positive microglia. IBA1-positive cells expressed VEGF-R1 and R2 in the inflamed retina. CONCLUSIONS: Microglia and macrophages expressed VEGF receptors, and intravitreous anti-VEGF influenced the microglia and macrophage activation state. Taking into account that anti-VEGF drugs are repeatedly injected in the vitreous of patients with retinal diseases, part of their effects could result from unsuspected modulation of the microglia activation state. This should be further studied in other ocular pathogenic conditions and human pathology

Does Glass Size and Shape Influence Judgements of the Volume of Wine?

This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from PLOS via http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144536Background \ud Judgements of volume may influence the rate of consumption of alcohol and, in turn, the amount consumed. The aim of the current study was to examine the impact of the size and shape of wine glasses on perceptions of wine volume. \ud \ud Methods \ud Online experiment: Participants (n = 360; recruited via Mechanical Turk) were asked to match the volume of wine in two wine glasses, specifically: 1. the Reference glass holding a fixed reference volume, and 2. the Comparison glass, for which the volume could be altered until participants perceived it matched the reference volume. One of three comparison glasses was shown in each trial: ?wider? (20% wider but same capacity); ?larger? (same width but 25% greater capacity); or ?wider-and-larger? (20% wider and 25% greater capacity). Reference volumes were 125ml, 175ml and 250ml, in a fully factorial within-subjects design: 3 (comparison glass) x 3 (reference volume). Non-zero differences between the volumes with which participants filled comparison glasses and the corresponding reference volumes were identified using sign-rank tests. \ud \ud Results \ud Participants under-filled the wider glass relative to the reference glass for larger reference volumes, and over-filled the larger glass relative to the reference glass for all reference volumes. Results for the wider-and-larger glass showed a mixed pattern across reference volume. For all comparison glasses, in trials with larger reference volumes participants tended to fill the comparison glass less, relative to trials with smaller reference volumes for the same comparison glass.\ud \ud Conclusions \ud These results are broadly consistent with people using the relative fullness of glasses to judge volume, and suggest both the shape and capacity of wine glasses may influence perceived volume. Perceptions that smaller glasses contain more than larger ones (despite containing the same volume), could slow drinking speed and overall consumption by serving standard portions in smaller glasses. This hypothesis awaits testing.The study was funded by the Department of Health Policy Research Programme (http://prp.dh.gov.uk/) (Policy Research Unit in Behaviour and Health [PR-UN-0409-10109]). ASA and MRM are members of the UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, a UKCRC Public Health Research: Centre of Excellence. Funding from British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Economic and Social Research Council, Medical Research Council, and the National Institute for Health Research, under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged. None of the funders had a role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or decision to submit for publication. The research was conducted independently of the funders, and the views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the funders

Infectious SIV resides in adipose tissue and induces metabolic defects in chronically infected rhesus macaques

Additional file 1. General method for isolation of stromal-vascular-fraction (AT-SVF) cells from adipose tissue of rhesus macaques, and subsequent analyses. (A) 30-60 mins collagenase digestion of solid adipose tissue samples from rhesus macaques is followed by washing and centrifugation, allowing for separation of mature adipocytes (floater fraction) from the stromal-vascular-fraction (AT-SVF) cells. AT-SVF cells were then analyzed by flow cytometry, nested PCR, and viral outgrowth assays, and floater fraction adipocytes analyzed for mRNA expression. (B) Sample flow cytometry gating schemes for examination of AT-SVF T cells, NKT cells, macrophages, and B cells