Parametric Design: Theoretical Development and Algorithmic Foundation for Design Generation in Architecture

This chapter presents the theoretical foundation of parametric design for design generation in architecture. Parametric design has been increasingly applied to architectural design in recent years. It is essentially a digital design method, which can be characterized by rule-algorithmic design and multiple-solution generation. Parametric design originates from generative design, which is a typical computational design approach based on rules or algorithms (e.g., in generative grammars or evolutionary systems). This chapter starts with a critical review of generative design, followed by the background, history, and theory of parametric design, including various fundamental concepts and applications that underpin parametric design, and concludes with a discussion of the impact of parametric design on architecture.No Full Tex

Lesão pulmonar de reperfusão

A lesão de isquemia-reperfusão constitui-se em um evento fisiopatológico comum a diversas doenças da prática clínica diária. O pulmão pode ser alvo da lesão de isquemia-reperfusão diretamente, como no edema pulmonar após transplante ou na resolução de tromboembolismo; ou ainda ser atingido à distância, como nos casos de choque ou por lesão de reperfusão em intestino ou em membros inferiores, como ocorre no pinçamento da aorta, utilizado nas cirurgias de aneurisma. Dentre os mediadores envolvidos na lesão de isquemia-reperfusão, foram identificados espécies reativas tóxicas de oxigênio (ERTO), mediadores lipídicos, como a tromboxana, moléculas de adesão em neutrófilos e endotélio, fator de necrose tumoral, dentre outros. As medidas terapêuticas para a lesão de reperfusão ainda são utilizadas no plano experimental e em poucos estudos clínicos. São utilizados: antioxidantes, bloqueadores de mediadores lipídicos, inibidores da interação entre leucócito e endotélio ou substâncias que favoreçam o fluxo sanguíneo pós-isquêmico.<br>The ischemia-reperfusion injury is a common pathophysiologic phenomenon in many diseases seen in daily clinical practice. The lung can be affected both directly, as in pulmonary edema after lung transplant or after resolution of pulmonary thromboembolism, and indirectly, as in shock states or after reperfusion injury in distant organs as intestine or lower extremities. The latter situation can occur secondary to aortic occlusion for surgical procedures. Many mediators have been implicated in the ischemia-reperfusion injury: oxygen free radicals, lipid products as thromboxane, adhesion molecules involved in leukocyte-endothelial interaction, tumor necrosis factor, among others. Therapeutic strategies for the reperfusion injury are used only at the experimental level and in very few clinical studies. Antioxidants, inhibitors of lipid mediators and of the leukocyte-endothelial interaction and promoters of blood flow in post-ischemic vessels have been used