Expression of murine leukemia viruses in RFM mice with host versus graft disease after perinatal inoculation of (T6 X RFM)F1 lymphohemopoietic cells

Host versus graft disease is the fatal syndrome of altered immunity that follows the perinatal inoculation of related F1 hybrid spleen cells to susceptible strains of inbred mice. The allogenic reaction results in severe depletion of T-lymphocytes, but causes hyperplasia and hypersecretion of B-cells. Among the long-term survivors of acute host versus graft reactions, there is a high incidence of nonthymic lymphomas associated with ecotropic murine leukemia virus that may be of donor F1 origin. The present studies were done to determine whether ecotropic murine leukemia virus played any role in the pathogenesis of acute host versus graft disease in RFM mice perinatally inoculated with (T6 X RFM)F1 spleen cells. In RFM/(T6 X RFM)F1 chimeras, N-tropic murine leukemia virus can be detected as early as 3 days. The progression of the disease was accompanied by increasing viral expression. The inoculation of N-tropic virus of F1 donor origin into RFM neonates failed to induce disease, although the virus proliferated. Detection of progressively rising titers of antibody to murine leukemia virus linked the virus to the development of hyperimmunoglobulinemia by virtue of its ability to serve as a replicating source of antigens. These and other studies provided evidence that the seemingly paradoxical appearance of hyperimmunoglobulinemia in T-cell-deficient mice with the host versus graft syndrome is due, at least in part, to the stimulation of presensitized F1 donor B-cells, which are not destroyed in the allogenic reaction, as are the T-cells. Another unusual finding was the detection of polytropic murine leukemia virus in 25-day-old RFM/(T6 X RFM)F1 chimeras. It is suggested that the allogenic host versus graft reaction favored the formation of recombinants.</jats:p

The role of apology beliefs for apology tendencies across cultures with varying honor norms

Apologies serve as crucial tools for relationship repair, promoting reconciliation, and demonstrating accountability. However, beliefs about the morality, effectiveness, and responsibility-signaling nature of apologies may vary across cultures, particularly in contexts shaped by honor norms where apologies fit central cultural concerns for morality and strength in ambiguous ways. This study investigates the relation between apology beliefs and cultural honor norms across 14 Mediterranean, East Asian, and Anglo-Western samples (N = 5,296). We assessed personal and normative beliefs about apologies and their alignment with apology tendencies (willingness to apologize and past offered apologies) as well as intersubjectively rated honor norms. Results revealed that stronger beliefs in the morality and effectiveness of apologies, as well as perceptions of apologies as admissions of responsibility, consistently predicted greater willingness to apologize across regions and past apologies offered. Against our expectations, honor norms moderated only a few of these relations, with significant interactions suggesting weaker links between apology beliefs and apology tendencies at stronger honor norms. Complementary analyses comparing regional categorizations (Anglo-West, East Asia, and MENA) further supported a picture of relative cultural similarities but also highlighted a wider array of relevant apology beliefs in the MENA region as well as a greater focus on personal morality beliefs in Anglo Western societies and personal effectiveness beliefs in East Asian societies. Our findings underscore the universal significance of apology beliefs in fostering reconciliation while also revealing some cultural variability in how personal beliefs and cultural norms may interact in shaping apology-related behaviors across diverse societies.</p