Exercise and postprandial lipemia: effects on vascular health in inactive adults

Background: There is evidence to suggest that postprandial lipemia are is linked to the impairment of endothelial function, which is characterized by an imbalance between the actions of vasodilators and vasoconstrictors. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a 12-week high-intensity training (HIT) and moderate continuous training (MCT) protocol on postprandial lipemia, vascular function and arterial stiffness in inactive adults after high-fat meal (HFM) ingestion. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted in 20 healthy, inactive adults (31.6 ± 7.1 years). Participants followed the two exercise protocols for 12 weeks. To induce a state of postprandial lipemia (PPL), all subjects received a HFM. Endothelial function was measured using flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), normalized brachial artery FMD (nFMD), aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx). Plasma total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides and glucose were also measured. Results: The effects of a HFM were evaluated in a fasted state and 60, 120, 180, and 240 min postprandially. A significant decrease in serum glucose between 0 min (fasted state) and 120 min postprandially was found in the HIT group (P= 0. 035). Likewise, FMD (%) was significantly different between the fasted state and 60 min after a HFM in the HIT group (P = 0.042). The total cholesterol response expressed as area under curve (AUC)(0–240) was lower following HIT than following MCT, but no significant differences were observed (8%, P > 0.05). Similarly, triglycerides AUC(0–240) was also lower after HIT compared with MCT, which trended towards significance (24%, P= 0.076). The AUC(0–240) for the glucose response was significantly lower following HIT than MCT (10%, P = 0.008). FMD and nFMD AUC(0–240) were significantly higher following HIT than following MCT (46.9%, P = 0.021 and 67.3%, P = 0.009, respectively). PWV AUC(0–240) did not differ following between the two exercise groups (2.3%, P > 0.05). Conclusions: Supervised exercise training mitigates endothelial dysfunction and glucose response induced by PPL. Exercise intensity plays an important role in these protective effects, and medium-term HIT may be more effective than MCT in reducing postprandial glucose levels and attenuating vascular impairment.This study as funded in part by the Center for Studies on Measurement of Physical Activity, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario (Code N° FIUR DN-BG001). We declare that the results of the study are presented clearly, honestly, and without fabrication, falsification, or appropriate data manipulatio

DOES VO2peak MODERATE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DIETARY FAT INTAKE AND POST-PRANDIAL FAT OXIDATION?

Colby S. Teeman1, Brooke J. Cull1, Stephanie P. Kurti2, Sam R. Emerson1, Mark D. Haub1 & Sara K. Rosenkranz1 1Department of Human Nutrition, 2Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas Previous evidence suggests individuals with low resting fat oxidation rates may be more prone to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Both exercise training and a high-fat diet are known to independently increase fat oxidation. It is currently unclear whether examining these two lifestyle factors simultaneously might moderate the resultant post-prandial (PP) fat oxidation. PUPROSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether VO2peak moderates the association between dietary fat intake and PP fat oxidation following a high-fat meal. METHODS: Twenty-nine healthy young adults (17 M, aged 19-38 yrs) of varying aerobic capacities (VO2peak=49.4±11.1 ml/kg/min) were randomized to either a moderate-intensity walking (EX, energy expenditure 50% of breakfast kcals) or a sedentary condition. In the EX condition, walking was performed 60min PP. After an overnight fast, all participants consumed a high-fat breakfast (65% fat, 10 kcal/kgbw). Resting metabolic rate was assessed immediately after, and 200min following, consumption of the high-fat meal. Assessments included dietary fat via 3-day food log, VO2peak with a treadmill ramp protocol to exhaustion, indirect calorimetry with a ventilated hood system to determine fat oxidation at 0min and 200min PP, and %body fat via DEXA. RESULTS: Dietary fat intake was 798.6±235.4 kcal/day. Fat oxidation at baseline was not different from 200min PP (47.9±16.4 vs. 50.7±17.8 kcal/hr, p\u3e0.05). There was a significant correlation between dietary fat intake and 200min PP fat oxidation (r=0.37, p2peak and 200min PP fat oxidation (r=0.62, p2peak on the association between dietary fat intake and PP fat oxidation revealed no significant moderation (ΔR2=0.007, p=0.60). A subsequent linear regression, including VO2peak, dietary fat intake,%body fat, baseline fat oxidation, and energy balance PP (kcals); predicted 79% of the variance in PP fat oxidation (adjusted R2= 0.79, pCONCLUSION: VO2peak did not moderate the association between dietary fat intake and PP fat oxidation. When examining additional factors thought to be associated with fat oxidation, however, 79% of the variance in PP fat oxidation could be explained. These results indicate that post-prandial fat oxidation is a complex process with multiple contributing factors

DOES MODERATE INTENSITY EXERCISE ATTENUATE THE POST-PRANDIAL LIPEMIC AND AIRWAY INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO A HIGH FAT MEAL?

Stephanie P. Kurti1, Sara K. Rosenkranz2, Stephen K. Chapes3, Morton Levitt4, Brooke J. Cull2, Colby S. Teeman2, Sam R. Emerson2 & Craig A. Harms1, FACSM 1Department of Kinesiology, 2Department of Human Nutrition, 3Department of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 4College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida Purpose: Recent reports suggest that a single high-fat meal (HFM) leads to increased airway and systemic inflammatory markers and triglycerides. However, an acute bout of exercise in the post prandial period has anti-inflammatory and lipid lowering effects. The purpose of this research was to investigate whether an acute bout of moderate intensity physical activity post-HFM would attenuate post prandial lipemia (PPL) and protect against airway inflammation in active individuals. We hypothesized that an acute bout of exercise would attenuate the increase in PPL and airway inflammation after a HFM. Methods: Twenty healthy, physically active college-aged participants (13M/7F) completed the study. Subjects were required to undergo DEXA scans, pulmonary function testing and performed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion to determine VO2peak.On the second visit, subjects were randomly assigned to a sedentary condition (CON) (n=10, 7M/3F) or moderate-intensity exercise bout (~30-45 min) that expended half of the total calories from the meal (EX; 60% VO2peak) (n=10, 6M/4F) 45 minutes after consuming the HFM (63% fat, 10kcal/kg of bodyweight). Blood lipids and airway inflammation measured via exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) were assessed at baseline, 2 hr and 4 hr post-HFM. Sputum differential cell counts were done to assess airway inflammation at baseline and 4 hr post-HFM. Results: Baseline triglycerides (CON= 66.4 ± 34.7 mg/dL; EX= 58.9 ± 20.5 mg/dL) and eNO (CON= 14.3 ± 5.9 ppb; EX= 18.6 ± 9.84 ppb) were not significantly different between conditions (p\u3e0.05). Triglycerides increased significantly in the CON 2 hr (~54%, p=0.018) and 4 hr (~107%; p=0.018) post-HFM and in the EX condition 2 hr (~66%; p=0.003) and 4 hr (~119%; p=0.004) post-HFM. Exhaled nitric oxide did not significantly increase in the CON 2 hr or 4 hr post-HFM (~17%; p=0.208; ~-2%,p=0.763, respectively) or the EX condition (2 hr= ~10%; p=0.064; 4 hr= ~12%; p=0.167). Percentage of neutrophils and eosinophils significantly increased (pConclusion:These preliminary results indicate an acute bout of moderate intensity exercise does not attenuate postprandial airway inflammation or lipemia following a HFM in physically active subjects. However, a novel finding is that active subjects show pulmonary neutrophilia 4 hours after a high fat meal, independent of increases in exhaled nitric oxide or triglycerides

Community-based interventions for enhancing access to or consumption of fruit and vegetables among five to 18-year olds: a scoping review

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Low fruit and vegetable ( FV) consumption is a key risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Consumption of FV is limited by a lack of access to FV. Enhanced understanding of interventions and their impact on both access to and consumption of FV can provide guidance to public health decision-makers. The purpose of this scoping review is to identify and map literature that has evaluated effects of community-based interventions designed to increase FV access or consumption among five to 18-year olds.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The search included 21 electronic bibliographic databases, grey literature, targeted organization websites, and 15 key journals for relevant studies published up to May 2011. Retrieved citations were screened in duplicate for relevance. Data extracted from included studies covered: year, country, study design, target audience, intervention setting, intervention strategies, interventionists, and reported outcomes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The search located 19,607 unique citations. Full text relevance screening was conducted on 1,908 studies. The final 289 unique studies included 30 knowledge syntheses, 27 randomized controlled trials, 55 quasi-experimental studies, 113 cluster controlled studies, 60 before-after studies, one mixed method study, and three controlled time series studies. Of these studies, 46 included access outcomes and 278 included consumption outcomes. In terms of target population, 110 studies focused on five to seven year olds, 175 targeted eight to 10 year olds, 192 targeted 11 to 14 year olds, 73 targeted 15 to 18 year olds, 55 targeted parents, and 30 targeted teachers, other service providers, or the general public. The most common intervention locations included schools, communities or community centres, and homes. Most studies implemented multi-faceted intervention strategies to increase FV access or consumption.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>While consumption measures were commonly reported, this review identified a small yet important subset of literature examining access to FV. This is a critically important issue since consumption is contingent upon access. Future research should examine the impact of interventions on direct outcome measures of FV access and a focused systematic review that examines these interventions is also needed. In addition, research on interventions in low- and middle-income countries is warranted based on a limited existing knowledge base.</p