Valoración Económica del Capital Social y Ecológico Incorporada en los Marcos Teóricos de Sostenibilidad

La necesidad de incorporar el concepto de sostenibilidad en cualquier análisis es hoy en día indiscutible. Estas consideraciones, han develado el hecho de que, efectos como la contaminación o la degradación de los ecosistemas constituyen un freno para el desarrollo, de manera que se ha hecho necesaria la inclusión de la sostenibilidad en el análisis de los procesos del sistema económico (Munasinghe 1993). Es por eso que la valoración económica de los capitales natural y social, ha aparecido como un método apropiado para incluir éstos bienes normalmente obviados dentro de la concepción del valor. El capital natural se define como toda reserva o stock que es capaz de originar el flujo de bienes y servicios rentables a lo largo del tiempo (Costanza y Daly 1992). Por su parte, el concepto de capital social se refiere a las relaciones sociales en su conjunto que se basan en la confianza, la cooperación y la reciprocidad (Atria et al. 2003). Cabe mencionar que estas definiciones, sobre todo la del capital natural, obvian la interrelación que existe entre estas dos esferas, y en general se puede afirmar que en los enfoques actuales apenas se atisba una visión sistémica de las problemáticas relacionadas. Considerando lo anterior, la valoración económica de dichos capitales, aunque reduccionista para algunos, es importante para sintetizar la complejidad de los servicios recibidos de la sociedad y la naturaleza, para poder valorarlos de un modo homogéneo, y para facilitar la toma de decisiones. De esta manera, la presente tesina, se centra en la búsqueda de métodos y herramientas de valoración del capital natural y social, así como en el análisis de algunos de los principales marcos conceptuales de la sostenibilidad, con el objeto de determinar la viabilidad de la integración de ambos elementos en orden de generar un instrumento conciso para la comprensión de la sostenibilidad y la valoración de los elementos que la conforman, bajo una visión sistémica.La necessitat d'incorporar el concepte de sostenibilitat en qualsevol anàlisi és avui dia indiscutible. Aquestes consideracions, han desvetllat el fet que, efectes com la contaminació o la degradació dels ecosistemes constitueixen un fre per al desenvolupament, de manera que s'ha fet necessària la inclusió de la sostenibilitat en l'anàlisi dels processos del sistema econòmic (Munasinghe 1993). És per això que la valoració econòmica dels capitals natural i social, ha aparegut com un mètode apropiat per incloure aquests béns normalment obviats dins de la concepció del valor. El capital natural es defineix com tota reserva o estoc que és capaç d'originar el flux de béns i serveis rendibles al llarg del temps (Costanza i Daly 1992). Per la seva banda, el concepte de capital social es refereix al conjunt de relacions socials que es basen en la confiança, la cooperació i la reciprocitat (Atria et al. 2003). Val a dir que aquestes definicions, sobretot la del capital natural, obvien la interrelació que existeix entre aquestes dues esferes, i en general es pot afirmar que en els enfocaments actuals amb prou feines s'entreveu una visió sistèmica de les problemàtiques relacionades. Atès l'anterior, la valoració econòmica d'aquests capitals encara que sigui reduccionista per a alguns, és important per sintetitzar la complexitat dels serveis rebuts de la societat i la natura, per poder valorar-los d'una manera homogènia, i per facilitar la presa de decisions. D’aquesta manera, la present tesina es centra en la cerca de mètodes i eines de valoració del capital natural i social, així com en l'anàlisi d’alguns dels principals marcs conceptuals de la sostenibilitat amb l'objecte de determinar la viabilitat de la integració de tots dos elements, en ordre de generar un instrument concís per a la comprensió de la sostenibilitat i la valoració dels elements que la conformen sota d’una visió sistèmica.The need to incorporate the concept of sustainability in any analysis is now indisputable. These considerations have revealed the fact that effects such as pollution or ecosystems degradation constitute an impediment to development, so the inclusion of sustainability in the analysis of the economic system processes has become necessary (Munasinghe 1993). That is why the economic valuation of natural and social capital has emerged as an appropriate method to include these goods normally overlooked in the conception of value. Natural capital is defined as any stock that is able to cause the flow of goods and services profitable over time (Costanza & Daly 1992). On the other hand, the concept of social capital refers to the whole of social relations based on trust, cooperation and reciprocity (Atria et al. 2003). It is noteworthy that these definitions, especially the natural capital one, obviate the interrelationship between these two fields and in general it could be said that current approaches barely glimpsed a systemic view of the issues related. Considering the above, the economic valuation of these capitals even if reductionist for some, it is important to summarize the complexity of the services received from society and nature, to value them in a homogeneous way and to facilitate decision making processes. Thus, this thesis focuses on the search for methods and tools for the assessment of natural and social capital, as well as on the analysis of some of the main sustainability frameworks, in order to determine the feasibility of integrating both elements in order to generate a concise tool for understanding sustainability and assessing the elements that conform it with a systemic approach

El Análisis de la Organización de los Académicos como un Sistema Autopoético de Decisiones

En este artículo se presenta la construcción de un modelo teórico para la observación de la organización de la unidad académica y su relación contingente con sus resultados, el cual se desarrolla con base en la Teoría de los Sistemas Sociales de Luhmann. Dicho modelo establece como principal descriptor a los procesos de toma decisiones que se desarrollan internamente en la unidad académica, los cuales responden a la irritación generada por el entorno externo e interno del sistema y percibida por los académicos. Como parte de la construcción del modelo teórico presentamos a continuación: 1) las tendencias de la Teoría de las Organizaciones, 2) el modelo de observación propuesto y 3) los primeros hallazgos acerca de premisas de decisión relevantes en los resultados académicos y de satisfacción laboral. El artículo termina con algunas conclusiones

Inter- and intracontinental migrations and local differentiation have shaped the contemporary epidemiological landscape of canine parvovirus in South America

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a fast-evolving single-stranded DNA virus that causes one of the most significant infectious diseasesof dogs. Although the virus dispersed over long distances in the past, current populations are considered to be spatiallyconfined and with only a few instances of migration between specific localities. It is unclear whether these dynamicsoccur in South America where global studies have not been performed. The aim of this study is to analyze the patterns ofgenetic variability in South American CPV populations and explore their evolutionary relationships with global strains.Genomic sequences of sixty-three strains from South America and Europe were generated and analyzed using a phylodynamicapproach. All the obtained strains belong to the CPV-2a lineage and associate with global strains in four monophyleticgroups or clades. European and South American strains from all the countries here analyzed are representative of awidely distributed clade (Eur-I) that emerged in Southern Europe during 1990?98 to later spread to South America in theearly 2000s. The emergence and spread of the Eur-I clade were correlated with a significant rise in the CPV effective populationsize in Europe and South America. The Asia-I clade includes strains from Asia and Uruguay. This clade originated in Asia during the late 1980s and evolved locally before spreading to South America during 2009?10. The third clade (Eur-II)comprises strains from Italy, Brazil, and Ecuador. This clade appears in South America as a consequence of an early introductionfrom Italy to Ecuador in the middle 1980s and has experienced extensive local genetic differentiation. Some strainsfrom Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil constitute an exclusive South American clade (SA-I) that emerged in Argentina in the1990s. These results indicate that the current epidemiological scenario is a consequence of inter- and intracontinentalmigrations of strains with different geographic and temporal origins that set the conditions for competition and local differentiationof CPV populations. The coexistence and interaction of highly divergent strains are the main responsible for thedrastic epidemiological changes observed in South America in the last two decades. This highlights the threat of invasionfrom external sources and the importance of whole-genome resolution to robustly infer the origin and spread of new CPVvariants. From a taxonomic standpoint, the findings herein show that the classification system that uses a single aminoacid to identify variants (2a, 2b, and 2c) within the CPV-2a lineage does not reflect phylogenetic relationships and is not suitableto analyze CPV evolution. In this regard, the identification of clades or sublineages within circulating CPV strains is thefirst step towards a genetic and evolutionary classification of the virus.Fil: Grecco, Sofia. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Iraola, Gregorio. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Decaro, Nicola. Università degli Studi di Bari; ItaliaFil: Alfieri, Alice. Universidade Estadual de Londrina; BrasilFil: Alfieri, Amauri. Universidade Estadual de Londrina; BrasilFil: Gallo Calderon, Marina Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología "Dr. César Milstein". Fundación Pablo Cassará. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología "Dr. César Milstein"; ArgentinaFil: da Silva, Ana Paula. Universidade Estadual de Londrina; BrasilFil: Name, Daniela. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias; UruguayFil: Aldaz, Jaime. Universidad Estatal de Bolivar; EcuadorFil: Calleros, Lucia. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias; UruguayFil: Marandino, Ana. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias; UruguayFil: Gonzalo, Tomas. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias; Urugua

Survivability of entrapped Lactobacillus rhamnosus in liquid- and gel-core alginate beads during storge and simulated gastrointestinal conditions

L. rhamnosus cells were encapsulated in liquid-core (LCBR) and gel-core (GCBR) calcium alginate beads, and cell survivability under storage conditions and simulated gastrointestinal conditions were evaluated, and compared with that of non-encapsulated cells. The average external diameters of both beads (1.37 - 0.25 mm) were non-significantly dierent, and the average thickness of alginate gelled layer in LCBR was of 0.27 - 0.01 mm. The bacteria entrapped into LCBR tended to gather together forming clusters in the bulk of the liquid phase of the bead, whereas the bacteria entrapped into GCBR were compartmentalized in the gelled bead biopolymer matrix. LCBR showed significant lower hardness and chewiness, higher cohesiveness, and comparable springiness values than GCBR. Cells survivability under storage and simulated gastrointestinal conditions was significantly higher in LCBR than in GCBR and for the non-encapsulated free cells

Cultural Competency in the Dental Hygiene Curricula: A Survey

As the population of the nation becomes more diverse, dental hygiene programs must ensure graduates are receiving cultural competency training in entry-level educational programs. The purpose of this study was to establish a baseline for what topics of cultural competency training are or are not being incorporated into dental hygiene schools and to determine if differences exist between topics covered amongst the types of degree-granting institutions. Topics were investigated via survey instrument and data was collected from 76 U.S dental hygiene program directors. Results of this study emphasized the similarities between entry-level dental hygiene programs and illustrated a lack of difference between topics of cultural competency training taught between associate and baccalaureate-granting dental hygiene institutions. More effort must be made by all entry-level degree granting dental hygiene program to ensure cultural competency training is implemented