Marriages of convenience through the immigration lens: concepts, issues, impact and policies

This article examines the attempts made by both the Executive and Parliament to curb marriages of convenience through the revision of refugee and immigration laws. Asylum seekers or economic migrants use marriages of convenience largely to legitimise their stay in South Africa. South African authorities regard these marriages of convenience as a threat both to South African society as they violate pro-marriage policies and anti-irregular migrant policies, and to national security as they defeat the object of the institution of marriage. In this context, the article explores the complexities of combating marriages of convenience on the basis of the principle of consent on which a valid marriage is fundamentally constructed, and also on the basis of an analysis of judicial opinions holding that a marriage of convenience must be terminated by a decree of divorce

Work In Progress: The Role Of Higher Education In Post-Conflict Tourism Development, A Case Study From Rwanda

Tourism and hospitality have been recognized as a major economic factor worldwide and competition between destinations for present and future tourist has only become fiercer. Within such established markets as the East African safari & beach market it will not be easy for new destinations to discern themselves and offer a complimentary or new product. Especially in the case of Rwanda, that was plagued by a violent recent history and still suffers from an unclear image, this objective might not be easy to realize. However with the support from international partners and the dedication and ambitions of the national government in collaboration with local stakeholders, Rwanda is moving forward. Although this case study is related to an African example there might be suggestions and lessons learned that could inspire other destinations to proceed along a similar track.El turismo y la hospitalidad han sido reconocidos como un factor económico importante en todo el mundo, y la competencia entre los destinos por el turista actual y futuro sólo ha vuelto más feroz. Dentro de estos mercados establecidos, como es el caso de los mercados de safari y playa de Africa del Este, no será fácil para los nuevos destinos diferenciarse y ofrecer un producto complementario o nuevo. Especialmente en el caso de Ruanda, plagado por una historia reciente de violencia y cuya imagen todavía se ve afectada, este objetivo no puede ser fácil de realizar. Sin embargo, con el apoyo de socios internacionales y la dedicación y ambiciones del gobierno nacional, en colaboración con los actores locales, Ruanda está avanzando. Aunque este caso de estudio se refiere a un ejemplo de África puede haber sugerencias y lecciones aprendidas que podrían inspirar a otros destinos a continuar por un camino similar

Determinants of commercial banks’ efficiency in Rwanda

This study investigates the drivers of cost efficiency of 10 Rwandan commercial banks for the 2012Q1-2021Q3 period,using the true fixed effects model, which makes it possible to integrate unobserved bank-specific heterogeneity in theinefficiency function at the mean level. This study is in line with the central bank’s role of ensuring financial stability.The study builds on Gisanabagabo and Ngalawa (2017), the only study about the subject matter in Rwanda, to makethe necessary adjustments: First, this study uses a larger sample with respect to time and number of commercialbanks; Second, the study also uses a more flexible translog cost function, rather than a linear function and it modelsheterogeneity across banks as part of the inefficiency term rather than using individual dummy variables as this maylead to over-parameterization; Finally, the study deals with correlation among variables in both the inefficiency functionand the cost function by implementing a single-step estimation procedure. Empirical estimations show that creditrisk positively affects inefficiency while intermediation ratio, bank funding structure, and capital ratio negatively affectinefficiency, especially since 2018. The estimated efficiency score stands at 81.3 percent compared to 88.56 percentobtained by Gisanabagabo and Ngalawa (2017), and the differences are due to the employed methodologies and samples.The paper recommends that Rwandan commercial banks should strengthen existing measures to further mitigate creditrisk, and increase intermediation, funding structures, and capitalization so as to deal with macro-financial shocks

The Contribution of Absolute Income Towards Poverty Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Rwanda

The study portrays current worldwide empirical facts on the progress of economic growth and poverty relief in developing countries of the world. It’s well known that in most developing countries, the lives of citizens are not always very pleasant. There are usually lots of inconveniences in the ways of life for the citizen of these countries. Whenever the government of such a country responds to the inconveniences of life by formulating developmental programs to alleviate the problems of the people, such programs in most cases, do not work, making such government to be frustrated and discouraged. However, the government of Rwanda plays an important role in a number of areas including agriculture, education, and the health sector in order to reduce the mortality rate to its citizens and promote entrepreneurship. The aim of this study is to evaluate the level of absolute poverty and the appropriate methods that Rwanda has applied to curb down poverty levels, at the same time, picking key lessons and guidelines that can be of assistance in curbing down poverty in parts of sub-Saharan countries, Rwanda inclusive. In order to achieve its aim, the paper was put into four sections. Section one explains the poverty profile of Rwanda before and immediately after the genocide while the second part describes the short strategies that Rwanda took to reduce poverty. Section three elaborates the work the country puts to ensure it achieves its goals of achieving long-term goals of becoming a middle-income country by 2020. The fourth section describes the environment that the state has created to ensure that its strategies work as planned. The research work also relies on other related secondary documents from the mentioned institutions

Infection a COVID-19 et complications neurologiques

No Abstract

Domestic Tourism Strategies and its Implications on Economic Growth: Case Study of Rwandan National Parks

Domestic tourism is a critical part of tourism development in Rwanda. However, most of the government’s efforts have been concentrated on the development of international tourism. This focus has resulted in considerable growth in the country’s most significant contributor to the national economy. While the impact of domestic tourism has been addressed in the latest developed Rwanda’s National Tourism Strategy, the initiatives set forward have had minimal effects. This paper aimed to address the issue of an increased focus on domestic tourism contribution in developing the economy of Rwanda besides international tourism. The rationale for this paper supports a strong motivation for a more dedicated approach by Rwanda’s tourism stakeholders (public and private) to develop the country’s domestic tourism market alongside the international market with reference to the national parks of Rwanda. The population under this study was composed of three different groups of respondents at three national parks in Rwanda. These were local residents living adjacent to the three national parks under study; the park authorities and government officials (policymakers) in tourism and conservation-related matters, and tourism and conservation experts. The researcher developed a structured questionnaire that was administered to the selected respondents. The administration of the questionnaire was done by the researcher with the help of three research assistants. The researcher used descriptive analysis to analyse the data.  The data collected using the open-ended questions were analysed using content analysis. The study established that domestic tourism is yet to be developed in Rwanda. The study also reported that domestic tourism has the potential of leading to significant economic development by supplementing revenue generated by foreign tourist

De La Violence Dans La Rage Aux Tripes De Mustapha Tlili

Cette thèse présente une analyse du thème de la violence dans le livre du Mustapha Tlili intitulé La Rage aux tripes. Les personnages de ce livre nous conduisent dans un univers de violence de la colonisation et de la décolonisation, ainsi que les conséquences douloureuses, résultats d'une humiliation refoulée. Notre but est donc de relever les formes et les représentations de cet te violence et de là, ana l yse r le discours de la violence qui se veut, à notre humble avis, être l'apologie de la libération de l'humiliation subie par le peuple colonisé ou le peuple asservi pendant toute la période d'esclavage. Cette étude sera conclue par une tentative de penser une nouvelle anthropologie humaine de la non-violence comme une alternative possible pour l'affranchissement de l'humiliation.Master of Arts (MA

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activities of Methanolic and Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Carica papaya Grown in Rwanda

Background: Nowadays, microbial infections remain as the leading cause of infectious diseases and human death worldwide. The use of plant-derived medicines is currently increasing in the treatment of various diseases. Papaya leaves have proteolytic enzymes and phytoconstituents with antimicrobial properties. Rwandan citizens use papaya leaves to treat hair dandruff, wounds and burns.Materials and Methods: Papaya leaves were collected and allowed to dry under the shed at room temperature for 14 days. The powdered plant materials were soaked separately in clean flask and extracted successively using maceration method with water and methanol. Qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted by using specific standard procedures. Antimicrobial activity assays of all the extracts were performed by agar well diffusion method and determined by measuring the zones of inhibition with transparent scale.Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and phenolic compounds. In this observation, all the extracts exhibit significant inhibitory activity against all test pathogens ranging from 2 mm to 26 mm of diameter. Methanol extracts showed the maximum activity against Candida albicans (inhibition zone: 26±0.11 and activity index: 1.23). Minimum inhibition concentration values ranges between 3.175 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL.Conclusion: The results indicate that Carica papaya leaves could be very potent source of antimicrobial agents and secondary metabolites that can be used by pharmaceutical industries to produce medicines.Keywords: Carica papaya, antimicrobial, agar well diffusion, phytochemical screening, zone of inhibition, activity inde